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Ameisen als Schlüsseltiergruppe in einem Grasland

Studien zu ihrer Bedeutung für die Tiergemeinschaft, das Nahrungsnetz und das Ökosystem

dc.contributor.advisorSchaefer, Matthias Prof. Dr.de
dc.contributor.authorPlatner, Christian Karl-Johannesde
dc.date.accessioned2012-05-16T12:11:58Zde
dc.date.available2013-01-30T23:50:34Zde
dc.date.issued2004-10-28de
dc.identifier.urihttp://hdl.handle.net/11858/00-1735-0000-0006-B6B3-2de
dc.identifier.urihttp://dx.doi.org/10.53846/goediss-1390
dc.description.abstractAmeisen können als boden- und streubewohnende eusoziale Prädatoren durch ihre zentrale Stellung im Nahrungsnetz das Gefüge der Interaktionen sowohl von der Basis her durch Modulation der Ressourcenverfügbarkeit ("bottom-up"-Wirkungen) als auch von der Spitze her durch Fraßdruck auf ihre Beutetiere ("top-down"-Kontrolle) beeinflussen. Hügelbauende Arten können sich zu einem gewissen Maße von den Umweltbedingungen emanzipieren, indem sie sich eine günstigere Umgebung selbst gestalten; doch selbst solche Ökosystem-Ingenieure brauchen bestimmte mikroklimatische Bedingungen. Drei Bereiche dieser Funktion von Ameisen als Schlüsseltierarten im Grasland-Ökosystem wurden deskriptiv und experimentell untersucht:Auf einem Halbtrockenrasen wurden die Verteilungsmuster der Ameisenarten und weiterer wichtiger Bodentiere auf einem Wald-Wiese-Gradienten in Abhängigkeit von den jeweiligen Umweltbedingungen raumbezogen erfasst und mit multivariaten Analyse- und Ordinationsverfahren ausgewertet. Ameisen, Spinnen und Schnabelkerfe hatten ihre höchsten Dichten auf der Glatthaferwiese. Steinläufer, Schnurfüßer, saprophage Käferlarven und Pseudoskorpione waren hingegen in den Waldbereichen deutlich häufiger.Für Ameisen waren die maximale Bodentemperatur und die Beschattung die wichtigsten verteilungsprägenden Umweltparameter. Der Einfluss des Mikroklimas auf die Ameisen und die Bodentiergemeinschaft wurde durch experimentelle Manipulation der Faktoren Sonneneinstrahlung und Niederschlag untersucht. Ameisen und Schnabelkerfe hatten in den beschatteten Varianten deutlich niedrigere Dichten, für Spinnen und Weberknechte spielte die Habitatstruktur eine große Rolle, Saprophage waren auf den beregneten Parzellen signifikant häufiger. Durch Analyse der natürlichen Gehalte der stabilen Isotope 13C und 15N wurden verschiedene dominante Ameisenarten in trophische Ebenen des Nahrungsnetzes eines Halbtrockenrasens eingeordnet.Im Frühjahr schient die Bodenfauna eine wichtige Rolle als Nahrungsgrundlage für die Prädatoren zu spielen, Ameisen wechseln im Sommer verstärkt auf Honigtau der Blattläuse um; im Laborversuch hatte Zuckerzufütterung die deutlichsten positiven Auswirkungen auf die Ameisen. Durch ein faktorielles Ausschlussexperiment von Ameisen und Spinnen wurde die Funktion wichtiger Prädatoren im Nahrungsnetz erforscht. Vagante Spinnen und Ameisen reduzieren v.a. die Dichte der netzbauenden Spinnen. Neben der starken Intragildenprädation wurden nur schwache top-down-Effekte nachgewiesen.Der bottom-up Einfluss von Ameisen durch Bodenveränderungen in der Rhizosphäre auf die Diversität der übrigen Bodenfauna und die Wuchsleistungen verschiedener Pflanzenarten wurde durch Untersuchung der biotischen und abiotischen Parameter und mit einem Mikrokosmosexperiment im Labor genauer analysiert. Die Nährstoffverhältnisse und die Bedingungen für die Mikroflora waren in den Nesthügeln signifikant günstiger als auf der umgebenden Wiese, was auch in defaunierter Erde im Labor zu besserer Pflanzenentwicklung in Erde aus den Hügelnestern führte.Die Bedeutung der trophischen top-down Effekte über Herbivore in Relation zu den bottom-up Wirkungen durch ?ecosystem engineering? wurde durch ein Mikrokosmosexperiment im Freiland überprüft. Direkte Top-down-Effekte sind eher selten, allerdings beeinflusst die Habitatmodifikation durch die Ameisen signifikant das Bodennahrungsnetz und damit auch wichtige Ökosystemprozesse wie die Stickstoffmineralisation.Aus den Untersuchungen wird gefolgert, dass Ameisen eine wichtige Funktion als Ökosystemingenieure übernehmen und verglichen mit den deutlichen bottom-up-Wirkungen nur eine relativ schwache top-down-Kontrolle auf ihre Beutetiere ausüben. Neben dem Einfluss auf die Ressourcenverfügbarkeit für das ganze Nahrungsnetz beeinflussen Ameisen die übrigen Tiere direkt durch Interferenz und Störung und durch die Trophobiose mit Pflanzenläusen. Anhand des Ingenieursnetzes mit den Wechselwirkungen der Ameisen zu ihrer Umwelt wird deutlich, dass neben den trophischen Beziehungen Struktur-schaffende Wirkungen, besonders im Boden, mit ihren Interaktionen eine wesentliche Funktion in naturnahen terrestrischen Ökosystemen haben.de
dc.format.mimetypeapplication/pdfde
dc.language.isogerde
dc.rights.urihttp://webdoc.sub.gwdg.de/diss/copyr_diss.htmlde
dc.titleAmeisen als Schlüsseltiergruppe in einem Graslandde
dc.title.alternativeStudien zu ihrer Bedeutung für die Tiergemeinschaft, das Nahrungsnetz und das Ökosystemde
dc.typedoctoralThesisde
dc.title.translatedAnts as keystone species in a dry grasslandde
dc.contributor.refereeSchaefer, Matthias Prof. Dr.de
dc.date.examination2004-06-30de
dc.subject.dnb590 Tiere (Zoologie)de
dc.description.abstractengAnts as eusocial predators living in the soil and ground litter are able to directly or indirectly affect soil organisms, herbivores and plants via trophic interactions ("top-down") and altering the physical and chemical environment ("bottom up"). Mound building ants may emancipate themselves from some environmental influences by creating a modified surrounding. However, even these ecosystem engineers need to select a suitable microclimate out of the range locally available.The aim of this study was the analysis of the structure of these interactions driven by ants. Three components of this engineer-web were investigated descriptively and experimentally:1. Environmental impact and community structureThe effect of spatial structure of environmental factors on ant diversity and abundance, dominance and trophic structure of the soil macrofauna was studied in a grassland-wood-gradient of a xerothermous limestone slope in the "Werratal" near Witzenhausen (Hesse, Germany). Animals were extracted from soil cores taken in a hexagonal 5 m raster including a near-natural mixed stand of beech and pine, different forest edges, some bushes, a dry grassland, a set-aside meadow, a former orchard and a shrub belt (chapter 4).Animal taxa and trophic groups responded differentially to mesoscalic habitat differences: in both types of grasslands densities of Formicidae, Araneida, Auchenorrhyncha, Heteroptera, Aphidoidea and Ortheziidae exceeded those of the wood or shrub overgrown patches. Lithobiidae, Julidae, most detritivore beetles, diptera larvae and Pseudoscorpionida were most abundant in forest-like habitats. Furthermore, direct gradient analysis (RDA) indicated that soil pH, which is positively correlated with the maximum soil temperature, and the overshadow represent major structuring forces for the soil animal community.In a nearby dry grassland on limestone with high density of Lasius flavus mounds the effects of experimentally reduced solar radiation and reduced/increased precipitation on biotic and abiotic soil conditions and on the abundance of soil animal groups were investigated. Radiation was attenuated by dark roofs, which were permeable for rain. Precipitation was reduced by perspex roofs and increased by irrigation (chapter 5). The modification of solar radiation and precipitation strongly affected most groups of soil animals and modified soil microbiological characteristics in the short and long term. The density of detritivores increased with increased water input. Ants and spiders responded negatively to shading, while harvestmen thrived in the shadow but in the long run effects of the structure of the vegetation dominated. Shading resulted in a strong decline in aboveground and belowground plant biomass, diversity of ants, and soil carbon content. Microbial carbon correlated positively with precipitation, soil C and water content. Microclimatic conditions are important structuring forces for ant communities and, since ants are keystone species in many grassland habitats, for the whole animal food web.2. Trophic level of ants and their role in the food webTo investigate the structure of the food web, ratios of stable isotopes of ants, spiders and other invertebrates were analysed for a ranking into trophic levels. Multitrophic level interactions were studied in a laboratory experiment using a plant ? plant lice - ant community (Phaseolus vulgaris, Aphis fabae, Lasius niger) in mesocosms (chapter 6).Species of spiders and ants showed a high overlap and variance of their 15N/14N ratio. Lasius flavus and L. alienus had a lower 15N level than Formica cunicularia because of higher rates of trophobiosis. Mainly predatory ants from the genera Myrmica and Myrmecina were more enriched in 15N. Adults of wandering spiders had a higher 15N/14N ratio compared to juveniles, indicative of a higher trophic level. The ants in the laboratory mesocosms showed a strong dependence from the availability of sugar as a carbon resource.To study the role of predation by ants and spiders in a dry grassland, a manipulative field experiment was conducted using fenced plots. The densities of ants and spiders were manipulated (natural and low density) in a two-factorial design and the resulting treatment effects on arthropods were assessed. The epigeic and hypergeic fauna was sampled on three occasions between June and September 2002 using a D-vac suction sampler or by heat extraction from soil cores (chapter 7). The experiment revealed strong intra-guild interactions between ants and spiders. The abundance of the web-building spiders, especially of Linyphiidae, was influenced negatively by higher densities of ants.However, the density of wandering spiders was nearly unaffected by the presence of ants. The negative effect of ants on the abundance of web-building spiders was strong in June and September resulting in maximum activity of ants on these occasions. In June, the density of web-building spiders was 2,5x higher and in September 3x higher in the plots without ant colonies. Higher densities of wandering spiders negatively affected the population size of Collembola and Auchenorrhyncha. In contrast to this finding, populations of other herbivores seemed to be not affected by spiders and ants. Strong intra-guild interactions of spiders and ants may relax the impact on herbivore populations. The abundance of Ortheziidae and Thysanoptera was strongly positively correlated with the densities of ants showing a strong mutualistic interaction.3. Influence on the soil and effects for the ecosystemTo evaluate the role of ants as ecosystem engineers the effect of yellow ants (Lasius flavus) on nutrient content, microbial activity, soil fauna and soil fertility was studied in a dry grassland on limestone. Nest mound substrate was sampled during spring and summer and was compared to substrate away from mounds in a factorial design (chapter 8).The modification of the microhabitats in the mounds of the subterranean ants strongly affected soil conditions and also soil animals and microorganisms. Nest mound soil had significantly higher available phosphorus and nitrogen levels than the surrounding soil. In the mounds total soil N was significantly increased whereas total soil C was significantly decreased. Substrate moisture and pH did not differ between mounds and controls, but in the mounds the temporal fluctuations in moisture content were considerably more pronounced than in the surrounding soil. Microbial biomass, microbial respiration and nematode density fluctuated, but overall were significantly increased in ant mounds.A laboratory bioassay experiment using different plant species (Arrhenatherum elatius, Galium album, Trifolium repens) in different mixtures growing in microcosms indicated that the distinctive differences in biotic and abiotic soil conditions caused by ants strongly effect plant growth and nutrient leaching.The direct effects of Lasius flavus on soil fauna and plants were investigated by manipulating ant density in a one-year mesocosm experiment. The outdoor mesocosms, which were permeable to ants, were placed in and beside ant hills in a dry grassland on limestone. They contained defaunated sieved soil and plant species from different functional groups including grasses, forbs and legumes (chapter 9).Both, structure of the soil invertebrate community and root growth were modified strongly by a 100-fold difference in ant density in the mesocosms. The densities of spiders and oribatid mites were reduced in the mesocosms incubated inside ant hills, whereas the densities of plant lice and elaterid larvae, total mites, the microbial biomass and biomass of plant roots increased in the high ant density treatments.It is concluded that subterranean ants play an important role as soil engineers and therefore modulate bottom-up forces for the whole food web by altering the resource supply to other species. But they also directly affect above- and belowground populations of different trophic levels including plants, by top-down control via predation, interference and disturbance, and tending species of aphids and coccids.However, comparing to the strong belowground bottom-up impacts the top-down forces driven by ants are relatively weak. Beside trophic interactions the structuring forces are an important point of influence in near-natural terrestrial ecosystems, especially in the soil.de
dc.contributor.coRefereeEhlers, Ulrich Prof. Dr.de
dc.title.alternativeTranslatedStudies of their importance for animal community, food web and ecosystem functionde
dc.subject.topicMathematics and Computer Sciencede
dc.subject.gerAmeisende
dc.subject.gerFormicidaede
dc.subject.gerÖkosystemde
dc.subject.gerWiesede
dc.subject.gerWaldde
dc.subject.gerBodende
dc.subject.gerSpinnende
dc.subject.gerZikadende
dc.subject.gerRegenwürmerde
dc.subject.gerMikroklimade
dc.subject.gerNahrungsnetzanalyse mit stabilen Isotopen 15N 13Cde
dc.subject.gerMultitrophische Interaktionende
dc.subject.engantsde
dc.subject.engspidersde
dc.subject.engAraneidade
dc.subject.engplanthopperde
dc.subject.engleafhopperde
dc.subject.engearthwormsde
dc.subject.engecologyde
dc.subject.engforestde
dc.subject.enggrasslandde
dc.subject.engmicroclimatede
dc.subject.engstable isotops 15N 13Cde
dc.subject.engmitesde
dc.subject.engcollembolade
dc.subject.engHymenopterade
dc.subject.engnest mound soilde
dc.subject.engintraguild predationde
dc.subject.engbiodiversityde
dc.subject.engfood webde
dc.subject.engtop-down bottom-upde
dc.subject.engecosystem engineeringde
dc.subject.bk42.90de
dc.subject.bk42.75de
dc.subject.bk42.65de
dc.identifier.urnurn:nbn:de:gbv:7-webdoc-311-3de
dc.identifier.purlwebdoc-311de
dc.affiliation.instituteBiologische Fakultät inkl. Psychologiede
dc.subject.gokfullWN 000: Ökologie {Biologie}de
dc.identifier.ppn478609817de


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