The phylogenetic system of Mantodea (Insecta: Dictyoptera)
Das phylogenetische System der Mantodea (Insecta: Dictyoptera)
by Frank Wieland
Date of Examination:2010-11-03
Date of issue:2012-04-05
Advisor:Prof. Dr. Rainer Willmann
Referee:PD Dr. Thomas Hörnschemeyer
Referee:Prof. Dr. Erwin Bergmeier
Referee:PD Dr. Michael Hoppert
Persistent Address:
http://dx.doi.org/10.53846/goediss-1479
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Abstract
English
For the first time a large morphological dataset, comprising 152 morphological characters for 122 taxa of all recognized families of the group, has been used to reconstruct the phylogeny of the praying mantises (Mantodea). The intraordinal relationships found were only partially similar to the results of earlier molecular studies, in many cases they differed considerably. Only a third of the families (Acanthopidae, Empusidae, Eremiaphilidae, Thespidae, and Toxoderidae) and subfamilies (Amorphoscelinae, Angelinae, Chroicopterinae, Empusinae, Haaniinae, Hymenopodinae, Oxypilinae, Paraoxypilinae, Perlamantinae, Toxoderinae, and Tropidomantinae) studied were recovered monophyletic. The remaining families and subfamilies recognized by traditional taxonomy were found to be para- or polyphyletic. Chaeteessa was recovered to be the sistergroup of all remaining Mantodea. The second dichotomy of the phylogenetic tree was found between Metallyticus and the remaining mantises, followed by Mantoida. These phylogenetic relationships at the base of the phylogenetic tree of Mantodea were previously not found. The present study was able to show that many morphological characters, e.g. the head processes, enlarged lateral lobes of the pronotum, lobes on the legs and on the abdomen, evolved convergently several times during the evolution of the group. This corroborates the findings of the molecular studies which indicate that characteristic ecomorphs evolved independently in Mantodea. Apart from the discussion of the individual morphological characters, several characteristic character complexes were reconsidered and discussed in detail. The metathoracic hearing organ ("cyclopean ear") may have evolved several times. The study of first instar nymphs of Metallyticus led to the finding that discoidal spines are present in this genus and even persist in adult specimens. A detailed study of the raptorial legs of Chaeteessa showed that the tibial spur is not missing primarily but my have been secondarily reduced. Both results contradict doctrines that have been postulated for about 150 years. The study of digging devices of female Mantodea from arid habitats indicated that these structures evolved at least four times independently, most likely as an adaptation to living in desert-like habitats.
Keywords: Mantodea; praying mantises; morphology; systematics; phylogeny
Other Languages
Erstmals wurde die phylogenetische
Systematik der Gottesanbeterinnen (Mantodea) anhand einer
ausgedehnten Merkmalsmatrix von 152 morphologischen Merkmalen des
gesamten Körpers für 122 Taxa aus allen derzeitig taxonomisch
anerkannten Familien untersucht. Die Ergebnisse zu den inneren
Verwandtschaftsbeziehungen der Mantodea stimmen nur zum Teil mit
den neueren molekularbiologischen Untersuchungen überein, zum Teil
unterscheiden sie sich deutlich. Nur ein Drittel der untersuchten
Familien (Acanthopidae, Empusidae, Eremiaphilidae, Thespidae und
Toxoderidae) und Unterfamilien (Amorphoscelinae, Angelinae,
Chroicopterinae, Empusinae, Haaniinae, Hymenopodinae,
Oxypilinae,Paraoxypilinae, Perlamantinae, Toxoderinae und
Tropidomantinae) wurden als monophyletisch erkannt. Die übrigen in
der Taxonomie anerkannten Gruppierungen sind para- oder
polyphyletisch. Chaeteessa wurde als Schwestergruppe der
übrigen Mantodea bestätigt. Die zweite Dichotomie des Stammbaumes
lag hingegen zwischen Metallyticus und den übrigen
Gottesanbeterinnen, gefolgt von Mantoida. Diese
Konstellation an der Basis des Stammbaumes der Mantodea wurde
bisher nicht in Betracht gezogen. Es konnte bestätigt werden, dass
viele der morphologischen Merkmale, wie z.B. Kopffortsätze,
verbreiterte Seitenränder des Pronotums, Loben an den Laufbeinen
und am Abdomen, im Lauf der Evolution der Gruppe vielfach
unabhängig voneinander entstanden sind. Damit werden die Ergebnisse
der molekularen Untersuchungen an der Gruppe gestützt, die die
konvergente Evolution von charakteristischen
Schlagwörter: Mantodea; Gottesanbeterinnen; Morphologie; Systematik; Phylogenie; Insekten