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Birds, bats and arthropods in tropical agroforestry landscapes: Functional diversity, multitrophic interactions and crop yield

dc.contributor.advisorTscharntke, Teja Prof. Dr.
dc.contributor.authorMaas, Bea
dc.date.accessioned2014-04-03T08:31:35Z
dc.date.available2014-04-03T08:31:35Z
dc.date.issued2014-04-03
dc.identifier.urihttp://hdl.handle.net/11858/00-1735-0000-0022-5E77-5
dc.identifier.urihttp://dx.doi.org/10.53846/goediss-4441
dc.language.isoengde
dc.rights.urihttp://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/3.0/
dc.subject.ddc630de
dc.titleBirds, bats and arthropods in tropical agroforestry landscapes: Functional diversity, multitrophic interactions and crop yieldde
dc.typedoctoralThesisde
dc.contributor.refereeTscharntke, Teja Prof. Dr.
dc.date.examination2013-11-20
dc.description.abstractengEcosystem services such as the suppression of pest insects may increase productivity of agroforestry systems and thereby increase well-being of smallholders. Tropical birds and bats are effective predators of arthropods and move within landscapes, representing mobile links that connect habitats in space and time. But information on the effects of birds and bats on multitrophic interactions and agricultural productivity in different types of agroforestry systems is limited. Similarly, the relative importance of local agroforestry management and the tropical landscape matrix for ecosystem services mediated by birds has not been investigated so far. Last but not least, a better understanding of dynamic tropical agroforestry landscapes and the effects of habitat conversion and land use intensification on important functional groups as well as for endangered species is urgently needed. We conducted a predator exclusion experiment in which we manipulated the access of birds and bats on 15 different cacao agroforestry sites to quantify their effects on diurnal and nocturnal insects and spiders, cacao fruit development, leaf herbivory and the final crop yield over a period of 15 months. The selected cacao agroforestry sites were located on the island of Sulawesi (Indonesia) and differed in local management and distance to forest. The absence of birds and bats led to an increased density of insect herbivores and caused a concurrent release of mesopredators such as ants and spiders despite negative effects on the development of cacao fruits and a remarkable decrease of final cacao crop yield of 31 % across local and landscape gradients. In addition to bird and bat field exclusion experiments, we investigated the group of insectivorous birds with two different sampling methods. Using an arthropod predation experiment (standardized exposure of dummy caterpillars), we quantified predation rates in relation to the identity and diversity of insectivorous birds. We discovered that responses of the insectivorous bird community and the predation activity differed with the landscape context and both increased with forest proximity. Our findings show that ecosystem services can be driven by single species rather than by overall communities of certain functional groups. Therefore, the conservation of species diversity and ecosystem services does not necessarily rely on the same management strategies, although nearby forests appeared to be of great importance for both bird diversity and avian ecosystem services. The importance of forest proximity and large trees in agroforestry landscapes was also shown in a species specific study we conducted on a declining local population of the Indonesian endemic Grosbeak Starling in our study area. Although this species is well adapted to anthropogenic landscapes, it is also closely associated with large remnant forest trees that remain along forest margin areas and land use systems as nesting sites. The rapid conversion of the forest margin landscape in Central Sulawesi led to a sharp decline of such nesting sites by 92% within only two years. Hence, the endemic Grosbeak Starling is likely to be currently endangered although it was locally very abundant a few years ago. These results show how fast conversion of natural habitats and resource extraction in increasingly intensified tropical agroforestry landscapes can result in changes of the local species diversity. In conclusion, we demonstrate the importance of the quantification of final ecosystem services such as fruit productivity and crop yield to improve the valuation of ecosystem services provided by tropical birds and bats. Species diversity and species identity are both important measures for functional diversity and ecosystem functioning, although with different importance for conservation and the smallholders’ economics. A single common species (Zosterops chloris) was more important for the service of arthropod suppression than overall bird species diversity. Nevertheless, nearby forest habitats and extensively used agroforests (shaded and without use of pesticides or other chemical compounds) turned out to be important for both biodiversity and ecosystem services. Multitrophic interactions between birds, bats and other natural enemies (ants and spiders) of phytophagous insects are likely to jointly impact the productivity of agroforestry systems in complex ways and therefore need to be considered simultaneously at different temporal and spatial scales.de
dc.contributor.coRefereeVidal, Stefan Prof. Dr.
dc.contributor.thirdRefereeWiegand, Kerstin Prof. Dr.
dc.subject.engbirdsde
dc.subject.engbatsde
dc.subject.engarthropodsde
dc.subject.engmultitrophic interactionsde
dc.subject.engagroforestryde
dc.subject.engtropical landscapede
dc.subject.engforest margin landscapede
dc.subject.engfunctional diversityde
dc.subject.engcrop yieldde
dc.subject.engexclosure experimentsde
dc.subject.engexperimental exclusionde
dc.subject.engarthropod suppressionde
dc.subject.engavian predationde
dc.subject.engecosystem servicesde
dc.subject.engmist nettingde
dc.subject.engpoint countsde
dc.subject.engartificial plasticine caterpillarde
dc.subject.engdummy experimentde
dc.subject.engbiological controlde
dc.subject.engmonitoringde
dc.subject.engmappingde
dc.subject.engLemon-bellied White-eyede
dc.subject.engGrosbeak Starlingde
dc.subject.engZosterops chlorisde
dc.subject.engScissiostrum dubiumde
dc.subject.engTheobroma cacaode
dc.subject.engcacao agroforestryde
dc.subject.engcacao diseasesde
dc.subject.engcacao harvestde
dc.subject.engcacao pestsde
dc.subject.engflying vertebratesde
dc.subject.engaerial insectivoresde
dc.subject.engvolant vertebratesde
dc.subject.engloggingde
dc.subject.engbreeding colonyde
dc.subject.engflower herbivoryde
dc.subject.engmesopredator releasede
dc.subject.engpredatory insectsde
dc.subject.engantsde
dc.subject.engspidersde
dc.subject.engaphidsde
dc.subject.engLepidopterade
dc.subject.engColeopterade
dc.subject.engLepidopteran larvaede
dc.subject.engsustainable agriculturede
dc.subject.engsustainable agroforestryde
dc.subject.engmanagement implicationsde
dc.subject.engmanagement recommendationsde
dc.subject.engapplied managamentde
dc.subject.engextensive land use managementde
dc.subject.englandscape managementde
dc.subject.engconservationde
dc.subject.engbiodiversity-friendlyde
dc.subject.engdbhde
dc.subject.engdistance to forestde
dc.subject.engforest proximityde
dc.subject.enghabitat conversionde
dc.subject.engherbivoryde
dc.subject.engIndonesiade
dc.subject.enginsectivorous batsde
dc.subject.enginsectivorous birdsde
dc.subject.enginvertebratesde
dc.subject.engCentral Sulaweside
dc.subject.engNapu valleyde
dc.subject.engleaf gleaningde
dc.subject.engleaf herbivoryde
dc.subject.engpests insectsde
dc.subject.engphytophagous insectsde
dc.subject.engplant productivityde
dc.subject.engremnant forest treesde
dc.subject.engshade tree managamentde
dc.subject.engSouth-east Asiade
dc.subject.engPaleotropicsde
dc.subject.engtropical landscapede
dc.subject.engtree heightde
dc.subject.englandscape gradientde
dc.subject.englocal shade managementde
dc.subject.engCacao Pod Borerde
dc.subject.engCherelle Wiltde
dc.subject.engfruit abortionde
dc.subject.engHelopeltis sulaweside
dc.subject.engdeforestationde
dc.subject.enghabitat fragmentationde
dc.subject.england use intensificationde
dc.subject.engforest margin speciesde
dc.subject.engcritical declinede
dc.subject.engpredation experimentde
dc.subject.engspecies-specific functionsde
dc.subject.engSoutheast Asiade
dc.subject.engbiodiversity conservationde
dc.subject.engmesopredatorsde
dc.subject.engfood securityde
dc.subject.enghuman welfarede
dc.subject.enghuman well-beingde
dc.subject.engpoverty alleviationde
dc.subject.engpoverty reductionde
dc.subject.engsmallholder cacaode
dc.subject.engsmallholder plantationde
dc.subject.engcacao farmersde
dc.subject.engsustainable cacao managementde
dc.subject.englandscape perspectivede
dc.subject.englandscape scalede
dc.subject.englarge scale field experimentde
dc.subject.englong term field experimentde
dc.subject.enghuman wellbeingde
dc.subject.engeconomic importancede
dc.subject.engeconomic valuede
dc.subject.engvaluation ecosystem servicesde
dc.subject.englandscape matrixde
dc.subject.engyield qualityde
dc.subject.engyield quantityde
dc.subject.engfruit productivityde
dc.subject.engspecies identityde
dc.subject.engspecies diversityde
dc.subject.engspecies richnessde
dc.subject.engecosystem functioningde
dc.subject.engpesticide usede
dc.subject.engchemical compoundsde
dc.subject.engcomplex food webde
dc.subject.engtritrophic interactionsde
dc.subject.engwildlife-friendlyde
dc.subject.engrural livelihoodsde
dc.subject.engendangered bird speciesde
dc.subject.engendangered bat speciesde
dc.subject.engendemicde
dc.subject.engendemic birdsde
dc.subject.engendemic batsde
dc.subject.engbeneficial impactde
dc.subject.engIUCNde
dc.subject.engLore Lindu National Parkde
dc.subject.engbioindicatorde
dc.subject.engindicator speciesde
dc.subject.engforest marginde
dc.subject.engagricultural habitatde
dc.subject.engagroforestry systemsde
dc.subject.engpopulation densityde
dc.subject.engpredation activityde
dc.subject.engspecies activityde
dc.subject.engcacao flowerde
dc.subject.engcacao podde
dc.subject.engOrthopterade
dc.subject.englinear mixed effect modelsde
dc.subject.engTukey Post Hoc Testde
dc.subject.engAICc model selectionde
dc.subject.enggeneralized least squaresde
dc.subject.engrestricted maximum likelihoodde
dc.subject.engmodel simplificationde
dc.subject.engspecies richness estimatorde
dc.subject.engspecies accumulationde
dc.subject.englinear mixed-effects modelsde
dc.subject.engLikelihood Ratio Testde
dc.subject.engMaximum Likelihoodde
dc.subject.engnocturnal insectsde
dc.subject.engdiurnal arthropodsde
dc.subject.engnocturnal arthropodsde
dc.subject.engdiurnal insectsde
dc.subject.englandscape contextde
dc.identifier.urnurn:nbn:de:gbv:7-11858/00-1735-0000-0022-5E77-5-1
dc.affiliation.instituteFakultät für Agrarwissenschaftende
dc.subject.gokfullLand- und Forstwirtschaft (PPN621302791)de
dc.identifier.ppn782353096


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