The signal transduction of synapse formation and it's failure in Rett syndrome
by René Ebrecht
Date of Examination:2016-05-12
Date of issue:2017-04-26
Advisor:Prof. Dr. Fred Wouters
Referee:Prof. Dr. Till Marquardt
Referee:Prof. Dr. Jörg Enderlein
Referee:Prof. Dr. Michael Hörner
Referee:Prof. Dr. Nils Brose
Referee:Prof. Dr. Thomas Dresbach
Files in this item
Name:PhD thesis Rene Ebrecht publi final binder.pdf
Size:5.66Mb
Format:PDF
Abstract
English
The mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) perceives and integrates various extracellular and intracellular signals and regulates cellular growth and homeostasis. The evolutionary conserved serine/threonine kinase can form two functionally and structurally distinct complexes, mTORC1 and mTORC2. Regulation of these complexes occurs through levels of glucose and amino acids, energy levels, hormones, growth factors and neurotransmitters. mTOR regulates mRNA translation, lipid biosynthesis, auto- and mitophagy, and lysosome biogenesis. Signalling pathways that are regulated by mTOR are involved in integrated processes of neuronal development, synapse formation and plasticity, memory and cognition. Brain-related alterations in mTOR signalling are connected to pathological conditions like epilepsy, depression, autism, schizophrenia, Alzheimer's and Parkinson's disease. While some aspects of mTOR signalling, like the regulation of mRNA translation, are well understood, others remain loosely defined. We have therefore developed two quantitative optical tools that analyse the endogenous activity of mTORC1 and mTORC2. We use antibodies in ratiometric FRET assays to quantify activity states of both mTOR complexes. The application of these assays to neurons from MeCP2-KO mice, a mouse model of Rett syndrome, a severe neurodevelopmental disorder, confirmed a reduced mTORC1 activity in MeCP2-KO neurons. These experiments also suggested a neuron-specific reduction of mTORC1 activity as well as a general reduction in mTORC2 signalling. These impairments may represent a reason for the observed reduced number of synapses in Rett syndrome. The interaction of mTOR with gephyrin, the major organiser of the inhibitory postsynapse, has been described in the past. This interaction has the potential to regulate inhibitory synapse formation and plasticity by localised protein translation at the inhibitory postsynapse. We developed a FRET assay that confirmed the interaction between mTOR and gephyrin. We found that gephyrin exclusively interacted with mTORC1, and that serine 270 of gephyrin is an important determinant of this interaction. Serine 270 is a target of GSK-3β and CDK5 in the brain, which seem to play opposing roles in the regulation of synapse formation. The GSK-3β/CDK5 mediated recruitment of mTORC1 to the postsynaptic gephyrin network may represent a mechanism for regulating synapse formation and plasticity. In order to organise the inhibitory postsynapse, gephyrin forms a 2-dimensional network underneath the synaptic membrane. Synaptic adhesion molecules and inhibitory neurotransmitter receptors interact with the gephyrin network and are organised by it. We developed two FRET assays that measure the formation of the gephyrin network. We demonstrate that inhibition of mTORC1 promotes the formation of the gephyrin network at GABAergic postsynaptic sites. This may represent a regulatory mechanism for inhibitory synapse formation and plasticity.
Keywords: Neuroscience; FRET Microscopy; FLIM; Rett syndrome; mTOR; Gephyrin; Time correlated single photon counting