Tibetan pasture degradation under the impact of global change: Consequences for carbon and nutrient cycles and recovery strategies
by Shibin Liu
Date of Examination:2017-07-13
Date of issue:2017-07-27
Advisor:Prof. Dr. Yakov Kuzyakov
Referee:Prof. Dr. Michaela Dippold
Referee:Prof. Dr. Sandra Spielvogel
Referee:Prof. Dr. Bruno Glaser
Referee:Prof. Dr. Christoph Leuschner
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Abstract
English
The Tibetan Plateau hosts the world’s largest alpine pastoral ecosystems, dominated by the endemic sedge Kobresia pygmaea C.B.Clarke. Overgrazing on the Tibetan Plateau has caused severe degradation of vegetation and soils over the past 30-50 years. Due to the very harsh environment and nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) limitations in soils, these pastoral ecosystems are particularly sensitive to disturbances (e.g. anthropogenic activities and climate change) and exhibit slow recovery. The objectives of this thesis were to 1) summarize the mechanisms of pasture degradation, 2) elucidate the effect of pasture degradation on carbon (C) and nutrient cycles and 3) assess the impacts of recovery strategies on degraded Tibetan pastures. Laboratory chamber incubation experiments were established to investigate the effects of pasture degradation on C and N cycles, the response of Tibetan pastures to the simulated warming and increased precipitation and the impacts of manure application strategies on plant growth. A literature review was conducted to summarize the consequences of pasture degradation on soil organic carbon (SOC), N and P stocks across the entire Tibetan plateau, in order to evaluate the primary mechanisms of the SOC and nutrient losses. Additionally, the impacts of recovery strategies on degraded pastures were also summarized accordingly. Tibetan pastures at the intermediate degradation stage exhibited the highest C loss as CO2 emission and DOC leaching, while the highest N loss occurred in the extreme degradation stage of Tibetan pastures. These are primarily explained by the gradual disappearance of living plants and the decrease of C stocks, along with the more serious Tibetan pasture degradation. The simulated warming increased the activities of all enzymes relating to C, N and P cycles. Similarly, simulated increases in precipitation enhanced CO2 emission from pasture soils. These results indicated that both simulated environmental factors (i.e. increased temperature and precipitation) prompted nutrient release and CO2 emission, inducing greater loss of C and nutrients from Tibetan pastures. The literature review showed that degradation on the Tibetan Plateau has triggered significant loss of SOC (-42 ± 2 %), N (-33 ± 6 %) and P (-17 ± 4 %) contents compared to non-degraded pastures. While losses of total N and plant biomass were found to be accompanied by SOC losses, total P loss was resistant to decreasing SOC content because of its precipitation as Ca3(PO4)2. While various strategies have been implemented to cease and even reverse the degradation processes, their effects on soil quality are still ambiguous, and restoration of soil fertility and ecosystem stability is infeasible due to very slow pedogenic processes, slow vegetation restoration, as well as continuously increasing anthropogenic pressures and global climate change. As a result of the rapid losses of SOC and nutrients and the very slow recovery potential, natural Kobresia root mats will disappear in the coming decades. This will dramatically destabilize these unique alpine ecosystems and have broader negative impacts on global environmental changes.
Keywords: Tibetan Plateau; Grassland degradation; Soil organic carbon; Soil nutrients; Climate change; Manure application; Enzyme activities; Zymography