Die Beeinflussung des instrumentellen Lernens durch Placebo- und Noceboeffekte
The influence of instrumental learning by placebo and nocebo effects
by Luisa Gunkel
Date of Examination:2017-10-02
Date of issue:2017-08-09
Advisor:Prof. Dr. Andrea Antal
Referee:Prof. Dr. Andrea Antal
Referee:Prof. Dr. Melanie Wilke
Referee:Prof. Dr. Nicole Steinbüchel- Rheinwall
Referee:Prof. Dr. Rainer Mausberg
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Abstract
English
Placebo / nocebo effects and the underlying mechanisms are currently the subject of intensive research. However, up to the present time, not all backgrounds could be fully illuminated. Numerous studies have been concerned with the influence of placebo effects on pain and depression in the past. To build up an expectation, placebos are often used in the form of tablets or ointments. Our study focused instead on the study of influence of instrumental learning by placebo and nocebo effects. To build an expectation, the subjects did not receive any tablets but verbal manipulation. 32 male, healthy volunteers were examined on two consecutive test days. There was a placebo and a nocebo group. A probabilistic learning and decision-making task was used to examine the instrumental learning behavior. The subjects of the placebo group were informed in advance that the following tDCS and infrared laser stimulation improves the cognitive performance. The participants of the nocebo group, on the other hand, were told that the stimulation will hinder cognitive performance. In this way, deliberately different expectations were built up. All subjects were given sham stimuli instead of the announced tDCS and infrared laser stimulation. Furthermore, the relationship between personality characteristics and the placebo effect was investigated. Personality characteristics were previously determined using BIS / BAS and LOT-R questionnaires. A significant improvement in instrumental learning was found in the placebo group. The learning behavior of the nocebo group, however, was not changed. Furthermore, there was no correlation between personality characteristics and the strength of placebo / nocebo effects. In the past, however, nocebo effects were found in placebo studies as well as a link between personality traits and the strength of placebo effects. It should also be pointed out, that the study group in previous studies also consisted of elderly and sick people as well as women. In the present study, however, only healthy male subjects were examined. This could be a cause for the different results. Further similar studies should be carried out in the future. A larger number of volunteers can thus provide more comparable results, which in turn might lead to further progress in the elucidation of the still not completely understood placebo phenomenon.
Keywords: Placebo effects; Nocebo effects