Wood anatomy and cytokinin-related responses in poplar (Populus sp.) under environmental stress
von Shanty Paul
Datum der mündl. Prüfung:2017-03-01
Erschienen:2018-02-09
Betreuer:Prof. Dr. Andrea Polle
Gutachter:Prof. Dr. Ivo Feußner
Gutachter:Prof. Dr. Christiane Gatz
Gutachter:Dr. Thomas Pd Teichmann
Gutachter:Prof. Dr. Christian Ammer
Gutachter:Prof. Dr. Konstantin Krutovsky
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Name:Paul S_thesis with clickable contents_bookmarks.pdf
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Description:Ph.D. dissertation by Shanty Paul. Title: Wood anatomy and cytokinin-related responses in poplar (Populus sp.) under environmental stress. Supervisor: Prof. Dr. Andrea Polle (Department of Forest Botany and Tree Physiology)
Zusammenfassung
Englisch
Woody plants like poplar are of great importance as a second generation bioenergy crop. However, wood formation is dynamic and strongly affected by exogenous factors such as drought or seasonality, and endogenous factors. Drought negatively affects wood growth and results in significant changes in wood anatomy in poplar. But the intraspecific variations in drought-induced wood anatomical changes and the underlying molecular responses are not clear. In addition to the exogenous factors, endogenous factors such as the phytohormone, cytokinins affect wood formation. The analysis of cytokinin activity is of particular interest, as growth maintenance under unfavourable environmental conditions is the basis to increase poplar productivity. Our current knowledge about cytokinins comes mainly from studies of the herbaceous annual model plant, Arabidopsis thaliana, whereas a few studies have been conducted with woody model plant, poplar. For instance, the cytokinin levels differ between the season of active growth and dormancy and under drought. But the localization pattern of active cytokinins in different organs and cells in poplar is unknown. To address these research gaps, the goals of this study were: (1) Investigation of the presence and cellular localization pattern of active cytokinins in apical buds, leaves, along the stem and fine roots of Populus × canescens in the active growth phase and during dormancy. (2) Investigation of drought-induced changes of active cytokinins at tissue and cellular levels in different organs of P. × canescens and to compare the patterns with growth responses, physiological and morphological drought acclimation. (3) Analysis of the intraspecific variation in the drought-induced changes in wood anatomy in P. nigra and the molecular responses underlying them. (4) Analysis of the time dependent progress in drought-induced wood anatomical changes in P. nigra and to examine whether these changes are accompanied by changes in the transcript abundance of cytokinin signalling, biosynthesis and degradation genes in the transcriptome of developing xylem. To achieve the first goal, poplars transformed with ARR5::GUS reporter construct were tested for GUS staining. Lines with similar patterns of GUS activity were chosen and tested for cytokinin inducibility. Selected lines were grown outdoors for 1.5 years and used to monitor growth and GUS activity. The transgenic poplar lines “showed no influence of ARR5::GUS reporter construct on the growth performance compared with the wildtype, but one line lost the reporter activity during the time course of the study. ARR5::GUS activity indicated changes in the tissue- and cell type-specific pattern of cytokinin activity during dormancy compared with the growth phase. ARR5::GUS activity, which was present in the root tips in the growing season, disappeared in winter. In the stem apex ground tissue, ARR5::GUS activity was higher in winter than in summer. Leaf primordia in summer showed ARR5::GUS activity, but not the expanded leaves of outdoor plants or leaf primordia in winter. In stem cross sections, the most prominent ARR5::GUS activity was detected in the cortex region and in the rays of bark in summer and in winter. In the cambial zone, the ARR5::GUS activity was more pronounced in the dormant than in growth phase. The pith and the parts of ray cells associated with the vessels also displayed ARR5::GUS activity. In silico analyses of the tissue-specific expression patterns of the whole PtRR type-A family of poplar showed that PtRR10, the closest ortholog to the Arabidopsis ARR5 gene, was usually the most highly expressed gene in all tissues. In this study, gene expression and tissue-localization indicated high activity of cytokinins not only in summer, but also in winter. The presence of the signal in meristematic tissues supports their role in meristem maintenance.”* To meet the second goal, a mild drought treatment, which did not abolish growth completely, was applied to poplars transformed with ARR5::GUS reporter construct. “Young leaves showed strong cytokinin activity in the veins and low staining under drought stress, accompanied by diminished leaf expansion. Leaf scars, at positions where drought-shedding occurred, showed strong reduction of cytokinin activity. The pith in the differentiation zone of stem showed high cytokinin activity with distinct, very active parenchymatic cells and enhanced activity close to primary xylem. This pattern was maintained under drought but the cytokinin activity was reduced. Mature phloem parenchymatic cells showed high cytokinin activity and mature wood showed no detectable cytokinin activity. Cytokinin activity in the cambium was apparent as a clear ring, which faded under drought. Xylem-localized cytokinin activities were also mirrored by the relative expression of PtaRR3, whereas PtaRR10 showed developmental but no drought-induced changes. Primary meristems exhibited high cytokinin activity regardless of drought stress, supporting a function of this phytohormone in meristem maintenance, whereas declining cytokinin activities in apical pith tissues and cambium of drought-stressed poplars linked cytokinin in these cell types with the control of primary and secondary growth processes. Changes in cytokinin activity further imply a role in drought avoidance mechanisms of poplars, especially in the reduction of leaf area. ”† In order to reach the third goal, three Populus nigra genotypes originating from a dry, a mesic or a wet habitat were grown under control or drought-stressed conditions and wood anatomy was analyzed. “Drought resulted in reduced cambial activity, decreased vessel and fiber lumina, and increased the saccharification potential. The saccharification potential was unrelated to lignin content as well as to most wood anatomical traits. RNA sequencing of the developing xylem revealed that 1.5% of the analyzed genes were differentially expressed in response to drought, while 67% differed among the genotypes. Weighted gene correlation network analysis identified modules of co-expressed genes correlated with saccharification potential. These modules were enriched in gene ontology terms related to cell wall polysaccharide biosynthesis and modification and vesicle transport, but not to lignin biosynthesis. Among the most strongly saccharification-correlated genes, those with regulatory functions, especially kinases, were prominent. We further identified transcription factors whose transcript abundances differed among genotypes, and which were co-regulated with genes for biosynthesis and modifications of hemicelluloses and pectin.”# To meet the fourth goal, a five week moderate drought treatment was applied to P.nigra plants. The plants were harvested weekly and wood anatomy was analyzed. During the five weeks of drought treatment, radial growth, relative width of developing xylem, number of cambial cell layers and lumen area per fibre were significantly reduced when compared to the control plants. The other anatomical traits analyzed did not show a significant effect of drought. Regression analyses revealed significant positive correlations between radial growth and number of cambial cell layers, radial growth and relative width of the developing xylem, radial growth and lumen area per fibre, number of cambial cell layers and relative width of the developing xylem. Analysis on the transcript abundance of cytokinin response genes in the transcriptome of developing xylem revealed that the response regulators, RR7 and RR9, showed a significant decline under drought as well as with the duration of the experiment which suggested reduced cytokinin signalling under drought. Among the cytokinin biosynthetic genes, transcript abundance of IPT2, 5a and 5b showed variation with time and only marginal induction under drought. The transcript abundance of cytokinin degradation gene, CKX6 was significantly increased under drought. The analysis of transcript abundance of cytokinin related genes showed reduced cytokinin signalling and increased degradation under drought. As cytokinins are the central regulators of cambial development in poplar, this reduction in cytokinin signalling and levels may have resulted in the significantly reduced number of cambial layers and thereby bringing about significant changes in wood anatomy which will eventually help the plants in survival under drought. Transgenic poplars transformed with ARR5::GUS construct have been introduced for the first time in this study and used to shed light on tissue and cellular level cytokinin activity during active growth and dormancy, as well as in response to drought. Fine root tips, cambial cells and xylem rays were the main tissues that showed differences in cytokinin activity under varying environmental conditions studied here. The ARR5::GUS poplar “reporter lines can be used to investigate the involvement of cytokinins in mediating growth constraints and growth-promoting treatments for vascular development and cell type identities in the future. Thereby, these poplars may become an important tool to enhance our understanding of woody biomass production.”* * Paul S. et al. 2016. Frontiers in Plant Science 7: 652. † Paul S. et al. 2018 AoB PLANTS 10: plx067. # Wildhagen et al. 2017. Tree Physiology 24:1-20.
Keywords: Cytokinin; Wood anatomy; ARR5::GUS; Populus × canescens; Cytokinin localization; Dormancy; Drought; Cambium; Type-A RR; Biofuels; Genotypic variation; Wood traits; Response regulator