Beiträge zur Messung und empirischen Analyse des Einflusses von Steuerasymmetrien auf Investitionsentscheidungen
Essays on the measurement and empirical analysis of the impact of tax asymmetries on investment decisions
by Sebastian Bause
Date of Examination:2018-02-19
Date of issue:2018-02-26
Advisor:Prof. Dr. Andreas Oestreicher
Referee:Prof. Dr. Andreas Oestreicher
Referee:Prof. Dr. Jörg-Markus Hitz
Referee:Prof. Dr. Robert Schwager
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Abstract
English
Existing tax laws are usually characterized by a lack of decision-making neutrality of taxation, as is required from an economic perspective to ensure efficient allocation of resources and from a business perspective to avoid tax planning costs. Tax bases defined by tax law regularly deviate from underlying financial cash flows. This is due to fiscal asymmetries, understood as a deviating tax treatment of economically comparable circumstances. Tax consequences of an investment project usually differ depending on the legal form through which chargeable events are realized. The tax treatment of cash flows depends on their allocation to specific tax categories of income, and even within a category of income divergent taxation consequences may occur. A taxable profit is taxable when realized; on the other hand, a tax loss of the same amount does not result in an immediate tax refund. Tax asymmetries may affect the relative advantageousness of competing action alternatives and may induce behavioral responses by taxpayers. In addition, the effective economic tax burden on a (tax-relevant) alternative usually deviates from its legal tax burden, which raises questions about the assessment of the influence of tax asymmetries and the mapping of such influencing variables in empirical studies. The first article of the thesis analyzes how the new conception of investment taxation in the area of mutual funds impacts on the effective average tax burden of fund investments made by natural persons. The central feature of the reform is the introduction of a partial corporate tax liability at the fund level, being accompanied by a compensatory introduction of a partial exemption regime at the investor level. In addition to examining the effects on tax burdens on fund investments before and after the reform, the paper also addresses the question of whether the interposition of a taxation level between investors and investment objects conflicts with the traditional goal of equal taxation of direct investment and fund investment. The study concludes that tax burdens on fund and direct investments are increasingly diverging under the draft reform. Looking at the tax burden consequences on fund investments in isolation, it turns out that accumulating funds would benefit more from the reform than distributing funds, and fund investments held as private assets would be better off after the reform than fund investments held as business assets. The second article examines whether existing tax loss offset restrictions at the host country level are factored into MNE’s decisions about the international location choice of newly-founded subsidiaries. Empirical findings indicate a statistically significant positive correlation of the probability of location choice with a loss carryback option in the host country. By contrast, neither time nor amount limitations in loss carryforward appear to be associated with the likelihood of siting. The third article of the thesis deals methodologically and conceptually with the question of which tax rules should be taken into account when determining company-specific simulated marginal tax rates. A discussion of existing approaches in the literature concludes that a simulation of company-specific income streams should be performed using a first-order autoregressive model that employs data from unconsolidated financial statements. Moreover, the projection of income streams should be decoupled from the determination of taxable income. Correlation analyses show that the ability of simulated marginal tax rates to explain realized tax statuses of companies increases with the level of detail of tax provisions incorporated to determine taxable income.
Keywords: Tax asymmetries; investment decisions; tax loss offset; simulated marginal tax rates; investment funds