The interplay of SmNBR1 and SmATG8 in selective autophagy of the filamentous fungus Sordaria macrospora
by Antonia Werner
Date of Examination:2017-03-28
Date of issue:2018-03-19
Advisor:Prof. Dr. Stefanie Pöggeler
Referee:Prof. Dr. Gerhard Braus
Referee:Prof. Dr. Michael Thumm
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Name:Antonia Werner Dissertation 2017.pdf
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Abstract
English
Autophagy is a conserved ubiquitous degradation process in eukaryotic cells which is mainly investigated in the baker´s yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. It includes the random sequestration of defective and excessive proteins and organelles within a double-membraned autophagosome. In filamentous fungi, the main purposes of autophagy are the regulation of starvation adaptation and developmental processes. In yeast, 41 autophagy-related genes (atg) exist from which many are conserved in the homothallic ascomycete Sordaria macrospora (Sm). One of the core autophagy genes is atg12 which is essential for autophagosome formation. Yeast-two hybrid analysis revealed a physical interaction of SmATG12 with both SmATG7 and SmATG3. A homokaryotic Smatg12 knockout strain could be generated which displayed reduced vegetative growth under nutrient-starvation conditions and was unable to form fruiting bodies. EGFP-labeled SmATG12 was detected in the cytoplasm and as punctate structures presumed to be phagophore structures. Furthermore, delivery of EGFP-labeled SmATG8 to the vacuole was entirely dependent on SmATG12. In contrast to non-selective bulk autophagy, selective autophagy is characterized by cargo receptor proteins, which bind specific cargos such as organelles, damaged or harmful proteins or microbes for their autophagic degradation. The selective autophagy of protein aggregates and surplus organelles such as peroxisomes, mitochondria, ribosomes and nuclei is referred to as aggre-, pexo-, mito-, ribo-, and nucleophagy, respectively. By a GFP-Trap analysis followed by liquid chromatography mass spectrometry (LC/MS) using the core autophagy protein SmATG8 as bait SmNBR1 was identified, which is a putative homolog of the human autophagy cargo receptor neighbour of BRCA1 (NBR1). SmNBR1-DsRED co-localizes with EGFP-SmATG8 at autophagosomes-like structures and in vacuoles. The interaction of both proteins was confirmed by means of yeast-two hybrid experiments, BiFC and Co-IP. Deletion of Smnbr1 leads to impaired vegetative growth under starvation conditions and fruiting-body development that is characterized by a drastically reduced number of perithecia and mature ascospores. The phenotypically defects could be rescued by complementing the ∆Smnbr1 mutant with full-length Smnbr1 as well as partially with a human nbr1 homolog. Additionally, Smnbr1 is involved in pexophagy. A ∆Smnbr1 mutant is neither able to use fatty acids as sole carbon source nor able to form fruiting bodies on H2O2 containing medium. The detection of numerous ribosomal subunit proteins in a GFP-Trap analysis using SmNBR1 as bait suggested that SmNBR1 is also involved in ribophagy. Quantitative Western-blot experiments and fluorescence microscopy revealed that degradation of SmRPL25-EGFP, a 60S ribosomal subunit protein, is impaired in ∆Smnbr1. Thus, it might be that SmNBR1 is the long-sought-after ribophagy receptor for the large ribosomal subunit.
Keywords: selective autophagy, autophagy, NBR1, ATG8, pexophagy