Identification of Arabidopsis genes involved in differential interaction phenotype establishment by distinct Verticillium spp. and isolates
by Dimitri Stepanets
Date of Examination:2018-04-09
Date of issue:2018-04-20
Advisor:Prof. Dr. Volker Lipka
Referee:Prof. Dr. Volker Lipka
Referee:PD Dr. Thomas Teichmann
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Description:Dissertation
Abstract
English
Verticillium longisporum induces developmental reprogramming of A. thaliana Col-0 leading to transdifferentiation of chloroplast-containing bundle sheath cells to functional xylem elements. Moreover, re-initiation of cambial activity and transdifferentiation of xylem parenchyma cells result in xylem hyperplasia within the Arabidopsis vascular system. The de novo xylem formation is accompanied by enhanced water storage capacity and enhanced drought tolerance of V. longisporum infected plants (Reusche et al., 2012). Induction of de novo xylem formation is not restricted to V. longisporum. In a recent study, the interaction phenotypes of A. thaliana Col-0 with 47 V. dahliae isolates were systematically analysed. Virulent V. dahliae isolates fall into two distinct interaction classes, eliciting clearly distinguishable disease phenotypes on A. thaliana. Five V. dahliae isolates were identified which trigger V. longisporum-like symptoms including de novo xylem formation, stunted growth, leaf chlorosis and early senescence. In marked contrast, 36 isolates showed V. dahliae like wilting, stunted growth and decay of older rosette leaves (K. Thole, PhD thesis, 2016). These clearly distinguishable disease phenotypes were designated as “chlorosis” and “wilting”. It was postulated that these disease phenotypes are triggered by lineage specific Verticillium effector molecules which induce distinct transcriptional and developmental reprogramming patterns in the host plant (K. Thole, PhD thesis, 2016). In the study conducted by K. Thole several putatively secreted candidate effectors that are differentially expressed in planta by chlorosis- and wilting-inducing V. dahliae isolates were identified by comparative analyses of the Verticillium genome and transcriptome. Using the RNA-sequencing data generated by K. Thole, in this study a plant transcriptome analysis was performed, aiming at the identification of differentially expressed host genes that may be involved in establishment of the chlorosis disease phenotype in response to putative Verticillium effectors. This transcriptome analysis revealed N. benthamiana homologs of Arabidopsis G-type lectin receptor-like kinase At5g24080, NAC domain transcriptional factor ANAC071 and dehydrin RD17 as candidate genes that are highly and specifically induced by chlorosis isolate infection. Consequently, homozygous Arabidopsis T-DNA insertion mutants were isolated for the three chlorosis induced candidate genes and analysed in detail. Characterisation of the rd17 mutant demonstrated that the T-DNA insertion had no effect on RD17 transcript abundance. Disease phenotypes of the G-type lectin receptor-like kinase mutant and NAC domain transcriptional factor mutant were not altered as compared to wild-type, suggesting that corresponding genes are not involved in establishment of the chlorosis disease phenotype. In silico analyses of publically available microarray data indicated that a number of chlorosis isolate induced candidate genes, among them the G-type lectin receptor-like kinase At5g24080, are responsive to abscisic acid (ABA). Quantitative PCR and immunoblot analyses demonstrated an increase in At5g24080 transcripts as well as AT5G24080-Venus fusion protein levels after exogenous application of ABA. Furthermore, At5g24080 expression was reduced in the aba1-101 ABA biosynthesis mutant background during Verticillium chlorosis isolate infection. Together these results suggested that ABA might contribute to transcriptional reprogramming during chlorosis isolate infection. To test this hypothesis, the Arabidopsis ABA biosynthesis mutant aba1-101 was analysed with regard to symptom development established upon infection with a Verticillium chlorosis isolate. These experiments demonstrated wilting-like disease symptoms of aba1-101 mutant plants at 21 days after infection and absence of leaf chlorosis as well as absence of early senescence, indicating that host plant ABA biosynthesis is required for establishment of chlorosis and early senescence symptoms. Notably, bundle sheath cell transdifferentiation was not impaired in the aba1-101 mutant, suggesting that functional ABA biosynthesis is not required for de novo xylem formation. In addition, aba1-101 mutant plants were less susceptible to V. dahliae chlorosis isolate c-V76. HPLC-MS/MS demonstrated that ABA levels are strongly increased in A. thaliana Col-0 during Verticillium chlorosis isolate infection as compared to mock treatment or wilting isolate challenge, supporting the concept that ABA-dependent (signalling) processes are important for Verticillium lineage-specific symptom development. In summary, results of this thesis suggest that ABA contributes to transcriptional reprogramming during chlorosis isolate infection, which leads to establishment of chlorosis and early senescence symptoms. Furthermore, ABA represents a susceptibility factor in A. thaliana - Verticillium chlorosis isolate interaction.
Keywords: Verticillium; Abscisic Acid; ABA; At5g24080; G-type lectin kinase; Chlorosis; Wilting; Transcriptome Analysis; RNA Sequencing; Arabidopsis; aba1-101; Tobacco; Nicotiana benthamiana; VL43; JR2