On the significance and predictability of geological parameters in the exploration for geothermal energy
On the significance and predictability of geological parameters in the exploration for geothermal energy
by Johanna Frederike Bauer
Date of Examination:2017-11-06
Date of issue:2018-05-02
Advisor:Prof. Dr. Jonas Kley
Referee:Prof. Dr. Jonas Kley
Referee:Dr. David C. Tanner
Referee:Prof. Dr. Inga Moeck
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Abstract
English
Sufficient reservoir permeability is essential to exploit heat resources for geothermal energy. Reliable prediction of permeability and in consequence flow rate in a deep geothermal reservoir is difficult to predict because subsurface data are rare. Since fracture density often increases around fault zones, fault-related reservoirs have become prime targets for exploration. However, this is not without risk, because fault-related permeability can vary greatly on the small scale. My cumulative thesis is part of the AuGE Project (Aufschlussanalogstudien und ihre Anwendbarkeit in der Geothermischen Exploration), which aims to establish outcrop studies as an important part of geothermal exploration. My thesis is concerned with the predictability of geological parameters of fault zones based on outcrop studies within the Upper Rhine Graben (URG), an area that, due to its elevated geothermal gradient, is promising for geothermal energy. Additionally, I investigated the influence and interaction of the most relevant parameters for geothermal reservoir quality in a numerical sensitivity study. I carried out fieldwork in faulted and unfaulted outcrops of Muschelkalk and Buntsandstein rocks. The results of these outcrop studies show that fault zones have the potential to increase flow rate by many orders of magnitude. My co-workers and I found that a relationship exists between the permeability of the fault zones and lithological parameters, but also that fault permeability is heterogeneous even within the same lithology. Quantification of these observations was, however, not possible. To test transferability of the data collected at the surface to depth, these results were compared with data from a nearby well. The study shows that certain petrological properties are comparable, but key parameters, such as petrophysical properties and fracture-system parameter, are not. The latter are responsible for the fluid flow rate and therefore extrapolation of outcrop data to depth would lead to misjudgement of the reservoir characteristics. Subsequently, I modelled the fluid and heat transport in a reservoir with a geothermal doublet with the aim to understand the influence of various structural parameters. I found that high permeabilities, permeability contrasts and anisotropies, caused by bedding and fractures, have a large potential to reduce the exploitable reservoir volume and thus the reservoir’s quality. Accordingly, faults with highly conductive damage zones are likely to provide only small utilisable volumes and are thus, in many cases, less suitable as geothermal reservoir. My sensitivity study also shows the role of the hydraulic gradient and how its importance depends on permeability and reservoir configuration. My dissertation helps to better estimate reservoir quality. I showed that structurally complex reservoirs are not only difficult to explore, but also potentially less yielding than homogenous reservoirs. In addition, increasing heterogeneity hinders the identification of outcrops as suitable analogues prior drilling. My sensitivity study constitutes a step forward in better understanding and classifying the parameters that control reservoir quality. My findings show that only a combination of outcrop and well data, together with geophysical exploration and tracer tests, and detailed knowledge of the impact of different parameters can allow a reliable estimation of the reservoir’s lifetime.
Keywords: Geothermics; Geothermal Exploration; Outcrop analogue study; Rock properties; Fracture-system parameters; Upper Rhine Graben; Fractured reservoir; Geothermal Energy; Fault zones; Predictability of fractured reservoirs; Numerical sensitivity study