Ecological analysis of large floristic and plant-sociological datasets – opportunities and limitations
by Florian Goedecke
Date of Examination:2018-05-04
Date of issue:2018-05-07
Advisor:Prof. Dr. Erwin Bergmeier
Referee:Prof. Dr. Erwin Bergmeier
Referee:Prof. Dr. Holger Kreft
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Description:Dissertation: Plant species distributions are analysed in a Mediterranean island context
Abstract
English
This thesis comprises opportunities and limitations for the analysis of floristic and plant-sociological datasets and presents four related exemplary case studies. Woody plant species, their isolated metapopulations and vegetation units are considered as study objects in a Mediterranean island context. Studies address the islands of Crete and Sicily. The first chapter introduces to general methodologies and positions the conducted studies within this frame. The second chapter addresses the ecology and co-occurrence of woody species in Cretan landscape context. For precise coordinates of almost 9700 records of 37 species site-information on geology, geomorphology and climate were compiled. The resulting ecological spectra for each species were clustered by similarity, which revealed ecological species groups. These groups reflect distinct ecological units in the Cretan landscape and match partly with published vegetation and habitat schemes (EUNIS, Natura 2000, European vegetation classification). Results thus enable to compare plant ecological spectra of the woody flora of a region and their relation to vegetation patterns. The third chapter deals with the numerical classification of plant sociological relevées of alluvial Platanus orientalis forests; thereby two new plant associations were described. They differ markedly from a third vegetation unit published earlier; for all three associations, species composition, ecology and distribution were discussed. Within 74 Platanus stands in Crete nature conservation monitoring was performed, addressing adverse effects and conservation status. About one third was in good conservation status, 42 % had an inadequate status and 24 % had a bad status; thereby water abstraction, pollution and garbage were the main adverse effects. The study revealed ecologically and floristically founded vegetation units within a regionally common but neglected vegetation type, which is severely threatened in habitat quality. The study in the fourth chapter is an ecological comparison of metapopulations of Zelkova abelicea, an endemic Tertiary relict in the mountains of Crete. The tree species occurs in isolation in high altitudes of the main mountain ranges, whereas a previous genetic study found intraspecific differences. The mesic woody species occurs in the drier eastern mountains merely on shady slopes, while in the west it may occupy a wider site spectrum. These differences influence the prediction of species distribution models in MaxEnt. Models trained on the larger Western metapopulations fail to predict the smaller eastern ones. Isolation effects could apply even for these nearby mountains, which could explain differentiation and even potential speciation. The fifth chapter comprises a study comparing 12 maquis species occurring in Crete and Sicily. Species records and environmental variables (geomorphology, climate, geology) were included into species distribution models, trained on one of the two islands and tested on the other. Methodological issues in conjunction with extrapolation are discussed. We provide hinds for variable selection and adjustments, allowing for better models. Differences in ecological affinities hamper the extrapolation of species distribution in the test region, whereas species with broader ecological amplitude performed worse in models. Lowered isolation barriers with their according genetic uniformity and habitat filtering processes could be involved in the formation of such patterns. The studies comprise examples for opportunities and limitations in the analysis of large floristic and plant-sociological datasets. A conclusion in the context of several (ecological) disciplines is given in the sixth and last chapter, where also future analysis options for the region or similar datasets are presented.
Keywords: plant species distributions; extrapolation; species distribution modeling; nature conservation; woody species; Mediterranean; Crete; Sicily