Central sound encoding in the inferior colliculus of mouse models for human auditory synaptopathy and neuropathy
by Maike Pelgrim
Date of Examination:2018-12-04
Date of issue:2018-12-20
Advisor:Dr. Nicola Strenzke
Referee:Dr. Nicola Strenzke
Referee:Prof. Dr. Alexander Gail
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Abstract
English
Auditory neuropathy and auditory synaptopathy are hearing disorders with normal outer hair cell function and cochlear amplification, but an impairment in the function of inner hair cells, their ribbon synapses, or in the spiral ganglion neurons and neurons of the auditory pathway, respectively. In order to better understand the disease mechanisms, we analyzed central sound encoding in the inferior colliculus, the main auditory nucleus of the midbrain. We performed electrophysiological in vivo single unit recordings from the central nucleus of the inferior colliculus in three strains of mutant mice under isoflurane anesthesia. The first mouse line carried the I515T point mutation in the Otof gene, coding for otoferlin, which is expressed in the inner hair cell ribbon synapses where it is essential for synaptic vesicle exocytosis. This human relevant mutation leads to a deficit in synaptic vesicle reformation at the inner hair cell ribbon synapse, resulting in abnormal adaptation and delayed recovery from adaptation in spiral ganglion neurons despite normal thresholds. A similar but much more severe phenotype is caused by the D1767G point mutation (“pachanga”). Finally, we used a mouse line carrying the quiverer-3J mutation in the Spnb (synonym Sptbn4) gene, coding for beta-IV-spectrin, which is expressed in the axon initial segments and nodes or Ranvier of all neurons where it helps clustering sodium channels. Human mutations in beta-IV-spectrin cause a neurological syndrome where hearing loss is accompanied by motor, cognitive and sensory dysfunction. In the central nucleus of the inferior colliculus of Otof(I515T/I515T) mice, we discovered an increased adaptation in response to amplitude modulated sounds with low modulation frequencies, as well as an increased depression of spiking after forward masking, which likely contributes to the speech perception deficit of patients with an I515T mutation in otoferlin. Furthermore, we could show that an increase in central gain, does not suffice to compensate the phenotype of mice with the Otof(Pga/Pga) mutation. In addition to that, a delay of spiking caused by the Spnb(qv-3J/qv-3J) mutation leads to a use dependent decrease in the accuracy of spiking. This results in an increased variance of the first spike latency when stimulating with higher repetition rates and a reduced temporal precision of spiking in response to amplitude modulated tones, represented by a reduced maximal modulation frequency up to which phase-locking is possible in the inferior colliculus. Overall, our results help to explain why speech perception is poor in patients with auditory neuropathy and auditory synaptopathy despite well-preserved sound detection thresholds. A gap detection test should be well suited to detect the adaptation defects caused by otoferlin mutations, whereas in spectrin mutants, sound encoding deficits are expected to vary considerably with stimulation rate. We suggest that improvement in hearing function might not be achieved by designing hearing aids that amplify all sounds, but instead by increasing the speech to noise ratio and reducing sound levels to a minimum to prevent abnormal adaptation.
Keywords: Otoferlin; Inferior Colliculus; Single Unit Recording; Auditory Neuropathy; Ribbon Synapse; Hair Cell; Hearing Loss; Bassoon; Spectrin