Entwicklung und Evaluation einer photoablativen Technik zur räumlich hochauflösenden, selektiven Entfernung von Epithelien in Hühnerembryonen.
Development and evaluation of a photoablative technique for spatially high resolution, selective staining of epithelia in chick embryos.
by Janine Döring
Date of Examination:2019-04-01
Date of issue:2019-03-18
Advisor:PD Dr. Jörg Männer
Referee:PD Dr. Roland Dosch
Referee:Prof. Dr. Rainer Mausberg
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Description:Entwicklung und Evaluation einer photoablativen Technik zur räumlich hochauflösenden, selektiven Entfernung von Epithelien in Hühnerembryonen
Abstract
English
Background and objectives: In order to clarify the functional importance of tissue areas, microsurgery techniques are used in experimental embryology to remove the relevant tissue areas (eg, ectodermareales) . Traditional microsurgical procedures have their shortcomings which make it difficult to replicate and interpret test results. The application of photoablative techniques promises some advantages in comparison with traditional microsurgical ones. In photoablative techniques, combinations of two individually nontoxic components are applied to produce tissue defects in an oxygen- dependent manner. Such components are a photoactivatable substance (photosensitizer) and the light of a particular wavelength that activate this substance. With the help of oxygen, the excitation of the photosensitizer produces oxygen radicals which can destroy cells (= phototoxic effect). In the past, phototoxic ablation techniques were successfully used in vertebrate embryos. The aims of the present study were: (1.) The development of an easy-to-use technique, which allows to shape and size clearly defined areas of the ectoderm of chicken embryos in ovo with the photosensitizer Rose Bengal. (2) To clarify whether (a) the dyeing technique which I developed is suitable for a spatially selective elimination of the dyed ectodermareales and (b) whether this technique provides consistent results when used repeatedly under the same conditions. Materials and methods: The investigations were applied to chick embryos in the developmental stages HH-12 and HH-13. The test area was the flat ectoderm at the caudal end of the trunk. In order to dye this area with Rose Bengal, a stamping technique was developed to stamp out a 1x1mm piece of nitrocellulose membrane , loaded with 1% Rose Bengal. Five different series with 10 embryos each were carried out. The series of experiments differed in the duration of exposure to the membrane piece loaded with Rose Bengal (0.5 min, 1.0 min., 2.0 min., 3.0 min., 4.0 min.). The extent of staining with BR was photographically documented in ovo immediately after the surgery. The cytotoxic effect was detected by a trypan blue exclusion test after 2 hours of re-incubation and the photographic documentation of the areal extension of the phototoxic effect (TB staining) on whole-mount preparation under the stereo microscope. The analysis of the extent of depth of the phototoxic effect (TB staining) was carried out on histological sections by means of transmitted light microscopy. Results: It became apparent that a nitrocellulose membrane stamp is suitable for dyeing a clearly in shape and size defined area of the ectoderm with Rose Bengal. The TB exclusion test found that the areas stained with Rose Bengal led to a dying out of cells. In order to limit the phototoxic effect on the ectoderm, it was not allowed to exceed the 2- minute contact time of the membrane. In the case of a longer staining time (3 to 4 minutes) phototoxic effects could be found not only in the ectoderm but also in the adjacent mesoderm. Repeated application in several consecutive experiments revealed that (1) a vigorous staining of the stamped area with Rose Bengal did not always produce the desired cytotoxic effect in the ectoderm. (2) Even after a 2- minute exposure time there were only partially numb cells in the ectoderm. Conclusions: In principle the technique for photoablation which I developed, is suitable for the selective elimination of ectodermal areas. However, this technique does not provide consistent results when used repeatedly under the same conditions. Thus, this technique is not suitable as a substitute for traditional microsurgical procedures for the elimination of ectodermal areas in its present form. Possible reasons for the variation of the results were discussed. Differences in the chemical structure of the yolk membrane due to a different storage age of the eggs can be seen as the most likely cause.
Keywords: Photosensibilisator; Bengalrosa; Ektoderm; photoablativen Technik; photoablative techniques; chicken embryos; microsurgery techniques