Insertion of an intrinsically disordered domain in VelB supports selective heterodimer formation of fungal velvet domain regulatory proteins in Aspergillus nidulans
by Sabine Thieme
Date of Examination:2018-04-12
Date of issue:2019-04-10
Advisor:Prof. Dr. Gerhard H. Braus
Referee:Prof. Dr. Ralf Ficner
Referee:Prof. Dr. Stefanie Pöggeler
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Description:Dissertation Sabine Thieme
Abstract
English
The fungal specific velvet domain mediates DNA-binding and protein-protein interaction and is structurally similar to the Rel homology domain of the mammalian immune and infection response NF-ᴋB regulator. Homo- and heterodimers of the four Aspergillus velvet domain proteins VeA, VelB, VelC and VosA control together with methyltransferases as LaeA the expression of developmental and secondary metabolite cluster genes in response to environmental stimuli, such as light or oxygen supply. Only VelB possesses a velvet domain, which is interrupted by an intrinsically disordered domain (IDD). The VelB IDD of Aspergillus nidulans consists of 99 amino acids. The location of this interruption of VelB is conserved in ascomycetes or basidiomycetes with considerable differences in lengths and amino acid sequences. Disordered domains can play central roles as hubs in protein interaction networks. This study focuses on VelB IDD function in the regulation of A. nidulans development and secondary metabolism. Deletion of fbox18, encoding a specific F-box protein, resulted in an increased cellular amount of VelB compared to wildtype. F box proteins are the substrate receptors of E3 SCF ubiquitin ligases. The VelB IDD also destabilizes the VelB protein and is therefore a possible target for ubiquitin mediated degradation by the 26S proteasome. VelB can form a homodimer as well as VelB-VeA or VelB-VosA heterodimers. VosA can form an additional VosA-VelC heterodimer. The molecular mechanisms how the fungal cell controls the appropriate ratios of homo- or heterodimers of the available velvet domain proteins are yet elusive. VelB VeA and heterotrimeric VelB-VeA-LaeA formation are independent of the presence or absence of the VelB IDD. Construction of a VelB without IDD revealed that VelB homodimer as well as VelB VosA heterodimer formation require the IDD of VelB. When only VosA-VosA can be formed and the interaction of VosA with VelB as well as VelC is impaired, the conidiation of the corresponding velBIDD∆/velC∆ mutant strain is delayed, and increased sterigmatocystin biosynthesis suggests an altered secondary metabolite production. The VelB IDD is required for efficient conidiation and control of secondary metabolism, because VelB without IDD resulted in changes in asexual development and secondary metabolite production. The corresponding velBIDD deletion mutant strain produced increased aerial hyphae but reduced numbers of conidiospores. Furthermore, it synthesized increased amounts of the mycotoxin sterigmatocystin but decreased levels of austinol and dehydroaustinol compared to wildtype. The results demonstrate that the fungal VelB intrinsically disordered domain is required to allow formation of distinct VelB homo- and heterodimers. This suggests a molecular mechanism where masking or demasking of the IDD could control the ratio of velvet domain protein complexes in response to different environmental stimuli. IDD interacting proteins or IDD posttranslational modifications could change cellular velvet complex ratios and support the appropriate fungal developmental program and secondary metabolism.
Keywords: velvet; VelB; Aspergillus nidulans; heterodimer formation; development; secondary metabolism; intrinsically disordered domain