Hydrogen diffusion and hydride formation in grain boundary rich magnesium
by Magnus Hamm
Date of Examination:2018-06-18
Date of issue:2019-05-06
Advisor:Prof. Dr. Astrid Pundt
Referee:Prof. Dr. Astrid Pundt
Referee:Prof. Dr. Reiner Kirchheim
Referee:Prof. Dr. Cynthia A. Volkert
Referee:Prof. Dr. Vasily Moshnyaga
Referee:Prof. Dr. Hans Christian Hofsäss
Referee:Prof. Dr. Michael Seibt
Files in this item
Name:PhD_Thesis_Magnus_digtal_version.pdf
Size:43.4Mb
Format:PDF
Description:PhD-Thesis
Abstract
English
In the last decade Magnesium (Mg) has attracted much interest as a storage material for hydrogen in a future hydrogen energy based economy. The reasons are its high reversible hydrogen capacity of up to 7,6 wt% and its high volumetric capacity of 110 kg/m³. However, the slow hydrogen (de)absorption kinetics of Mg and its high desorption temperature provide a significant barrier to Magnesium’s commercial use. The kinetics is limited by a magnesiumdihydride (MgH2) blocking layer formed on the outside of the magnesium. The blocking effect originates from the very slow diffusion of H in MgH2 and may be improved by grain boundaries (GB). This thesis aimed to unravel the influence of the grain boundaries on the overall diffusion process in MgH2. To reach this goal, it combined the experimental measurements of diffusion coefficients by gas volumetry, in situ resistivity measurements and in situ XRD measurements with finite-element (FEM) simulations. The experimental techniques allow to measure the overall diffusion coefficient of thin Mg films under different conditions (e.g. grain morphology, additive content, pressure). This overall diffusion coefficient contains the influence of the grain boundary diffusion coefficient and the grain diffusion coefficient. The FEM simulations allow to separate these two components and change them separately. The combination of experimental and numerical techniques showed that GBs are the dominant diffusion path for hydrogen in MgH2. Only the GB allow hydrogen to diffuse in relevant time scales, while the MgH2 grain completely block H diffusion. Further, the grain morphology of the thin film was studied in ex situ and in situ TEM studies. It was found that the hydride formation is accompanied by a strong reduction in grain size. These result shows that for an advanced hydrogen storage medium on Mg basis two points are of importance: First, a high GB density (being equal to small grain sizes) allows that as much Mg as possible can be reached by H and form MgH2. This is supported in thin films by a native reduction in grain size during the hydride formation. Second, the diffusivity in the GBs should be improved further. This thesis shows that additives like iron can improve the grain boundary diffusion of hydrogen.
Keywords: Magnesium; magnesiumdihydride; hydrogen; kinetics; diffusion; grain boundaries; thin films; finite-element simulations; gas volumetry; resistivity measurements; XRD; TEM