Demand for Processed Indigenous Fruit and Vegetable Products – Insights from East Africa
by Johanna Tepe née Meinecke
Date of Examination:2022-01-28
Date of issue:2022-06-24
Advisor:Dr. Dominic Lemken
Referee:Prof. Dr. Achim Spiller
Referee:Prof. Dr. Matin Qaim
Referee:Prof. Dr. Elke Pawelzik
Persistent Address:
http://dx.doi.org/10.53846/goediss-9316
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Abstract
English
There is an increasing understanding that food systems need to provide not only calories but micronutrients as well. Simultaneously, consumption patterns are transforming around the globe. Convenience foods that are quick and easy to prepare are gaining more and more importance on the market. While these products provide fast access to carbohydrates that satisfy hunger, essential nutrients are often missing. In combination with an insufficient intake of fruits and vegetables (FV), this phenomenon leads to an undersupply of minerals and vitamins. This trend is observed in East Africa, despite the ample presence of highly nutritious FV growing naturally around the continent and is especially pronounced during lean seasons. The potential of indigenous plants is often neglected, and farmers experience significant postharvest losses of up to 50% due to inadequate access to processing knowledge and technologies. Recent literature emphasizes the approach of processing highly perishable indigenous plants into more durable products to counter deficiencies in nutrient supply caused by postharvest losses and off-season gaps. However, processing will only be successful if the final products are regularly demanded and consumed. Insights into consumer perception towards processed indigenous FV (IFV) are rare. Few studies analyze consumer demand for value-added plants, such as sundried cowpea leaves, but only for a single, region-specific product at a given time. This misses the opportunity to draw a more comprehensive understanding of drivers that shape consumers’ demand for processed IFV on a general basis. Additionally, while recent literature acknowledges the potential of value addition to improve income generation within local agriculture, there is a need to understand how to market processed IFV appropriately to derive benefits. The present dissertation contributes to the existing literature by analyzing demand for several IFV products across East Africa and considering three bodies of literature: (1) addressing micronutrient deficiencies; (2) the growing demand for processed food products; (3) and improving the utilization of currently neglected plants, thereby lowering postharvest losses and bridging off-season gaps. The dissertation is part of the project “Fruits and Vegetables for all Seasons (FruVaSe)” that aims to process highly nutritious surplus FV into more durable products to improve access to nutritious foods. Food scientists of the FruVaSe project developed novel products obtained from underutilized African plants. To our knowledge, this is the first study aiming to understand consumers’ perceptions of several processed IFV products more comprehensively. The dissertation consists of four papers based on a total of three consumer surveys that were conducted between October 2019 and March 2020. The surveys include consumers from rural and urban areas in East Africa. In total, we interviewed 1444 people across the region about eight products. The surveys include an economic investigation of consumers’ willingness to pay (WTP) for the products combined with sensory testing. The target products include guava nectar and cowpea leaf soup mix in Kenya; dried cashew apples, African nightshade relish, dried African nightshade in Tanzania; and porridge combined with cowpea leaf powder, jackfruit-nut-bars, and jackfruit juice in Uganda. The IFV under investigation are highly nutritious and occur naturally in East Africa but are mainly grown on smaller scales, subject to significant losses, and rarely processed. In addition to providing general insights regarding consumers’ demand for processed IFV, each paper carries unique contributions. The first paper investigates consumers’ demand for IFV products across rural and urban populations in Kenya, Tanzania, and Uganda. The objective of the analysis is to discern whether we can, in general, identify similar drivers shaping consumers’ demand for processed IFV in these countries. To achieve this objective, the study combines sensory analysis with consumers’ WTP. The research adds to the existing literature by combining several products and investigating three different countries. The results exhibit high scores for all sensory characteristics and similar socio-demographic drivers shaping consumers’ demand across all three regions. Women, the elderly, and the rural population tend to be less willing to pay for the products. In contrast, younger, male, and urban participants show a higher WTP. The findings suggest that processing alone is not the solution to improve nutrition among the most sensitive population groups and interventions are necessary to enhance their demand. The second paper evaluates marketing strategies for processed IFV. Value-addition is presumed to lead to higher incomes for farmers. We focus on the same sample discussed in paper 1. The objective of this paper is to improve the marketing of IFV products. We present different marketing options and discuss their suitability. The findings suggest that a reasonable share of participants are already willing to pay prices that exceed production costs for most products. Still, marketing strategies are important to establish the products on the markets in the long run. While the first two papers focus on introducing new products, the third paper explores consumers’ demand for nutritionally enriched traditional porridges in Kayunga, Uganda. Porridge is already well established in the research area but is usually of low nutritional value. Previous research primarily focused on adding nutrients via biofortification. Combining traditional foods with local vegetables adds new insights. This paper aims to investigate maize and millet porridges combined with cowpea leaf powder as a channel to enhance the utilization of indigenous plants. We find that sensory perception is a significant determinant in shaping consumer demand for the products and that adding cowpea leaf powder lowers sensory perception. Still, almost half of the participants value the combined porridges as much as the plain ones. We conclude that enriching traditional porridges with cowpea leaf powder brings economic risks but can provide better nutrition for a specific consumer group. The fourth paper analyzes the demand for jackfruit-nut-bars among students and staff of the Makerere University in Kampala, Uganda. The jackfruit-nut-bars can provide a healthier alternative to the currently consumed sugared snacks and can overcome the major obstacle hindering jackfruit consumption, namely its stickiness. Moreover, the results suggest that an acceptable sweetness of processed products can be derived without adding industrialized sugar. In conclusion, our results demonstrate that processed IFV products are mostly well perceived among a reasonable share of people and can provide a new income source for small-scale farmers. Still, product-specific marketing strategies are indispensable for product implementation. Sensory perception is the most important factor explaining consumers’ WTP, which aligns with previous findings on consumers’ demand. We find similar factors driving demand across different products. Population groups that are more prone to micronutrient deficiencies, however, are more reluctant to pay. These findings call for interventions to raise familiarity with healthy processing and education campaigns informing about the importance of year-round consumption of nutritious foods.
Keywords: East Africa; Fruits and Vegetables; Processing; Micronutrients; Consumer demand