Einfluss von Inhibitoren des PI3K/Akt/mTOR-Signalwegs auf die Makrophagen-/ Mikroglia-assistierte Invasion von Mammakarzinomzellen
Influence of inhibitors of the PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling pathway on macrophage/ microglia-assisted invasion of breast cancer cells
by Sarah Madlen Mizera née Weis
Date of Examination:2022-10-19
Date of issue:2022-10-10
Advisor:Prof. Dr. Tobias Pukrop
Referee:Prof. Dr. Sabine Mihm
Referee:Prof. Dr. Margarete Schön
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Abstract
English
The prognosis of patients affected by locally advanced or metastatic cancer is often drastically reduced due to a lack of effective treatment options, and the remaining lifespan is hence significantly limited. For this reason a better understanding of the individual processes involved in tumor progression is of fundamental value. It has been established that both tumor-associated (TAM) and sessile macrophages support pro-invasive processes of tumor cells at different points of the metastasis cascade. Little is known though about the exact mechanisms by which these processes are controlled and whether they might be blocked by targeted pharmacological intervention. A considerable number of tumor entities are characterized by an aberration of members of the PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling pathway, which is why a multitude of different inhibitor substances, including the mTOR inhibitor RAD001 (everolimus) and the PI3K inhibitor BKM120 (buparlisib), are currently in development, clinical testing or already approved use. In this work, a comprehensive characterization of the different subtypes representing breast carcinoma cell lines was performed, in which however a very heterogeneous response to treatment with the inhibitors was shown, not least in coherence with previously published works. A remarkably beneficial interaction could be displayed here, especially for the hormone receptor-positive and HER2/neu-overexpressing cells. Activation of the PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling cascade is associated with the development of a proinvasive M2 phenotype of TAM located in the tumor microenvironment. However, the fact that the inhibition of steps of the signaling pathway via a potential re-eduction of TAM also has the potential for tumor regression could mean a still largely unrecognized therapeutic option. The results of this work show a direct influence of the inhibitors on TAM in concentration ranges comparable to those of the tumor cells. In previously published in-vivo studies, drug-blocking of the signaling pathway was associated with induction of the M1 profile in the TAM. In this work, it was finally shown for the first time that the macrophage-assisted invasion of highly malignant murine breast cancer cells can be reduced by treatment with the inhibitors. Only very few publications deal with the tumor progression-promoting properties of sessile macrophage species. Some of those however strongly suggest that important functions in microglia are controlled via the signaling pathway. Our first results also show that the inhibitors had a direct influence on these cells. In further experiments, the study group was finally able to identify PI3K as a main regulator of microglia-assisted colonization and observes a reduction in this metastasis-supporting function through the drug-mediated pathway inhibition. We conclude that the inhibition of the PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling pathway not only has a direct influence on certain malignant cells, but also an indirect one by affecting the microenvironment of the primary tumor and metastatic tissues. Thus we see a great potential for these drugs to play a beneficial role in the treatment of metastatic cancer.
Keywords: macrophage/ microglia-assisted invasion; metastatic breast cancer; PI3K/Akt/mTOR-signaling pathway; PI3K inhibition; mTOR inhibition