Distribution, ecology and conservation priorities of the critically endangered Balkan lynx (Lynx lynx balcanicus Bureš, 1941)
Doctoral thesis
Date of Examination:2022-02-21
Date of issue:2022-10-11
Advisor:Prof. Dr. Niko Balkenhol
Referee:Prof. Dr. Matthias Waltert
Referee:Prof. Dr. Niko Balkenhol
Referee:Prof. Dr. Andreas Schuldt
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Description:Dissertation.
Abstract
English
Large-bodied mammals require large space for their daily activities, sometimes causing conflicts with humans. Although Europe’s policy ushered the comeback of herbivores and large carnivores, the overcrowded continent offers less space for highly mobile and solitary species such as the Eurasian lynx Lynx lynx. With an estimated <50 adult individuals remaining, the Critically Endangered Balkan lynx Lynx lynx balcanicus is one of the rarest, most threatened and least-studied large carnivores. In this dissertation, I try to define its priority areas, elucidate its spatial and feeding ecology and propose sound conservation priorities for its long-term recovery. I used occupancy-based modelling to delineate the distribution range of the Balkan lynx. My team and I conducted 1,374 questionnaire surveys interviewing locals from the potential range of the Balkan lynx to (1) determine the probability of site use in 207 10x10 km grid cells through occupancy modelling, and (2) evaluate human–lynx interactions and identify potential threats. We came up with 108 cells with high probability of site use and used them to define five priority conservation areas in southwestern Balkans. We evaluated lynx-human interactions in the form of poaching, sheep predation and vehicle collisions, and concluded that predation and vehicle collision don’t play a big role in threatening the population. However, since the beginning of this century, the equivalent of 50–100% of the total estimated, currently surviving population could have fallen victim to poaching. Data on spatial and feeding requirements of the Balkan lynx came from seven (6 males and one female) radio-collared individuals captured and tracked in the period from 2010 to 2020. Average home range size of males is 373 km2 (95% MCP) and 400 km2 (0.7 Kernel), while the female’s home range is 119 km2 (95% MCP) and 108 km2 (0.7 Kernel). This result is comparable to the Eurasian lynx population living in Central and Western Europe. GPS clusters showed prey remains of 153 kills from five different species: roe deer, chamois, brown hare, red fox and marten. Nevertheless, the principal prey of the Balkan lynx, similarly to other European populations, is the roe deer, comprising around 70% of the documented prey species. Data collected for the Balkan lynx suggest lower kill rates, probably associated with lower ungulate densities in the study area compared to most of Central Europe. Although Eurasian lynx can adapt to lower ungulate prey densities by increasing hunting effort, changing spatial organization or switching to smaller prey, this, in turn, can have adverse demographic effects on the critically endangered Balkan population. I utilized the data from the foraging ecology of the Balkan lynx to compare them with the two-neighbouring subspecies (L. l. carpathicus and L. l. dinniki) in order to infer an ecologically better-suited candidate for its genetic rescue. Beside the prey preference and prey availability information, my team and I were interested in the habitat preferences based on the Resource Selection Index – relative habitat use index – to conclude the similarity of habitat usage among the three populations. Lastly, I compare the published data on body mass measurements among the three subspecies as a relevant factor for the future candidate, with regard to possible outbreeding depression. We concluded that the L. l. carpathicus is ecologically more similar to the L. l. balcanicus and therefore likely better suited for the environment of southwestern Balkans on the basis of prey preference (roe deer being the main prey), local prey availability (lower lagomorph and higher ungulate availability) and habitat use (predominant use of the mixed and broadleaved forests). Moreover, size comparison taking body mass into account gives a clear insight that the Balkan lynx is more similar to its Carpathian counterpart. Given the uniqueness of the Balkan lynx on mitochondrial level, we discussed that possible reinforcement should be done solely with male Carpathian lynx to mimic male-biased dispersal, as it was proven to have taken place until 15,000 years ago. It is very likely that the next step of the Balkan lynx recovery will comprise genetic reinforcement. The high inbreeding coefficient recently revealed, alongside the documented low reproductive success in the last two years, prompted the Balkan lynx recovery team to commence the search for appropriate candidate for genetic rescue mission. This thesis offers an insight into the ecological peculiarities of this felid as a basis for selecting sound and appropriate conservation measures for its long-term recovery.
Keywords: Balkan lynx; Conservation; Distribution range; Critically endangered subspecies; Occupancy modeling; GPS telemetry; Predation; Spatial organization; Kill rate; Phylogeny; Ecological traits; Genetic reinforcement