Vorschläge zur Optimierung/Verbesserung der genetischen Qualität von Saatgut aus Erntebeständen bei den Eichenarten (Quercus robur L. & Quercus petraea [Matt.] Lieb.)
by Andre Hardtke
Date of Examination:2022-08-19
Date of issue:2022-10-27
Advisor:Dr. Wilfried Steiner
Referee:Prof. Dr. Christian Ammer
Referee:PD Dr. Ludger Leinemann
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Abstract
English
Climate models predict drier and warmer summer months and increasingly frequent drought events. As a more climate-resilient tree species, oak will therefore become much more important than other deciduous trees and even expand its distribution area at higher altitudes. At the same time, utilization pressure on native forests is increasing. The demand for raw materials in our society is increasing, while more and more land area used for production purposes is no longer available. If the forest is to continue its function as a sustainable source of raw material in future, the productivity of future stands has to be increased. Growth performance and log quality are important factors in oak management. However, many characteristics determine the respective quality of the timber and thus the economic success. Some characteristics are controlled by environmental factors such as site conditions or silvicultural management regimes. Others are under significant genetic control and can only be influenced to a limited extent by silvicultural methods. Thus, the genetic quality of the forest reproductive material for the establishment of future oak stands is decisive for the subsequent economic success. The primary source of forest reproductive material are registered seed stands, which are usually harvested over their entire area or over parts of their area. However, an increased performance potential of the seed and planting material can be excluded with this harvesting method, because the genetic quality of the seed corresponds to that of the initial stand. A further source are seed orchards, providing seed with performance-enhancing potential and better form characteristics. However, seed orchards contribute little to seed production due to their small number and sizes. Only in the mid-term the supply situation can be improved by establishing new seed orchard plantations. In the short-term, other solutions are needed. In the present study, therefore, a concept was developed which examines alternatives of obtaining higher-quality reproductive material from existing seed stands and which can be implemented in the shorter term. The concept presented here is based on the exclusively harvesting of phenotypically outstanding trees. This allows the genetic quality of the seed to be increased via the maternal contribution. In addition, silvicultural treatments were developed which, on the one hand, minimize the proportion of foreign seed among the harvested trees and, on the other hand, increase the genetic quality of the paternal pollen. Altogether, four main variants were developed, which differ with regard to the genetic quality of the seed and the silvicultural cutting intensity. To validate the individual variants, test sites were established in four seed stands of pedunculate and sessile oaks. On these test sites, a quality assessment was performed on all oak trees (performance and shape characteristics) and the respective positions were recorded. In addition, a cambium sample was taken from each tree for genetic analysis. Furthermore, seeds were systematically collected and used to determine the proportion of foreign seeds and the pollination patterns. A classification system was used to assign all oaks into a quality category and to determine their potential as a harvest tree. Using the test sites, a series of investigations were carried out, which were needed to validate the variants. All test sites exhibit high phenotypic variation. All levels of phenotypes are found for many of the traits considered. The classification of the stands also reveals that only a small percentage of the trees are suitable for the production of higher quality seed. A high percentage of trees are completely inappropriate for seed production due to their poor phenotypic characteristics. A model provides additional information on the theoretical gain when individual tree harvesting is carried out. For this purpose, a gain in performance was assigned to the individual quality categories. Based on the harvesting and treatment variants and the involved maternal and paternal collectives, the potential increases in performance were calculated and compared. Based on the model assumptions, no increase in performance is achieved with areal harvesting. Single-tree harvesting, on the other hand, leads to noticeable increases in performance, which can be further increased by the different silvicultural treatment variants. The evaluation of the genetic data showed that the stands can be described as almost species-pure, either peduculate oak or sessile oak. Only one stand shows a high degree of admixture with the other oak species. Tendencies for hybridization between the two oak species cannot be detected. The variation parameters exhibit values that are comparable to collectives from other studies. Between the test stands, the differences are small in most cases. Only for genetic diversity measures, which are strongly dependent on population size, larger variations could be observed. The classification of the trees into quality categories and the determination of the respective harvesting collectives lead, depending on the subpopulation size and the variation parameters considered, in part to strong losses in diversity in the respective collectives. Rare alleles are often getting lost, but the drift effects are undirected. Along with the classification, the effects of the silvicultural treatment variants were also investigated. It turns out that when the potential pollen donors are added to the harvesting collectives, the effects can be compensated for to a large extent. Therefore, treatment variants with a stronger cutting intensity can also be considered without reducing diversity too much. Parentage analyses showed that considerable admixture by acorns from neighbouring trees is to be expected, especially at the crown edge of the harvesting trees. Acorns from trees located further away could also be detected. Thus, the harvesting trees have to be released (release felling) in order to guarantee the highest possible seed purity. Logistic regressions were used to calculate a mean clearance distance , which was used for the basal area consideration of the treatment variants. In many cases, release fellings around the harvested trees alone means a treatment that is already significantly higher than the regular thinning intensity. Treatments of the stands that go beyond this lead to reductions in basal area that would result in the most extensive dissolution of the stand structure. An analysis of the pollination situation showed that a large part of the pollen originates from outside the test sites. Pollen from identified fathers within the test sites mostly originates from the immediate vicinity, but high pollination distances were also found in a number of cases. Selfing could not be detected in the examinded progenies. Overall, a strong pollen mixture was observed, which is reflected in the high numbers of pollen donors observed in the seed of the harvested mother trees. Likewise, many fathers showed only sporadic pollination success so that larger full sib families could rarely be identified. Finally, the pollen proportions of the respective quality categories was determined. Thereby, it was observed that pollen from phenotypically low quality trees is not overrepresented in the total pollen supply. All the studies performed were used for final evaluation. A comparison shows that the variants differ significantly in terms of their cost-benefit ratio. Especially the variants with strong silvicultural impacts appear to be of no interest for private forests. Only for the state forest ownership they could be conceivable under certain conditions. However, with the alternative variants worked out, there are options available to provide higher-quality reproductive material. Thus, forest owners can be offered adapted variants depending on their acceptance to produce higher-quality reproductive material. In addition to the seed harvesting and treatment concept, a trial was established to test the basic assumption of a superiority of the progeny of phenotypically high quality trees over worse ones. Acorns of the good individual trees included in the study are on average larger than those of poorer trees, but show poorer germination behaviour. The one-year-old seedlings of phenotypically good trees show on average improved height growth and a larger root collar diameter. However, no clear tendencies in growth habit could be found. The material was used to establish a trail series that will provide further findings at later dates.
Keywords: oak; forest reproductive material; harvest and treatment concept