Gesamt-Tau, pTau, pTau rel, Beta-Amyloid 1-42 und 1-40 sowie Transthyretin in der Differentialdiagnostik neurodegenerativer Erkrankungen
Total-tau, p-tau, p-tau rel, beta-amyloid 1-42 and 1-40 and transthyretin in the differential diagnosis of neurodegenerative diseases
by Kari-Maria Jansen
Date of Examination:2022-11-03
Date of issue:2022-11-01
Advisor:Prof. Dr. Inga Zerr
Referee:Prof. Dr. Inga Zerr
Referee:Prof. Dr. Oliver Wirths
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Abstract
English
New criteria have been published by the National Institute on Aging (NIA) and Alzheimer Association (AA) to define Alzheimer’s disease through the ATN classification system. The ATN classification system is based on diagnostic biomarkers (cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) or imaging) that measure pathophysiological processes: “A” refers to amyloid deposition, “T” to pathological tau and “N” to neurodegeneration. This leads towards a biological definition of Alzheimer’s disease. Diagnosis is not based on the clinical phenotype anymore. A positive Amyloid deposition labeled as a A+T-N- score in patients with mild cognitive impairment or individuals who do not yet have manifest symptoms would be categorized as patients with “Alzheimer’s pathologic change”. In this present study, the diagnostic value of biomarkers in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) was examined. CSF samples were collected from patients of the University Hospital Göttingen over 3 years. CSF markers for t-tau, p-tau, p-tau rel, beta-amyloid 1-40 and beta-amyloid 1-42 were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbant assays. Transthyretin was determined using immunochemical nephelometry. We included patients with Alzheimer’s disease (n=34), other neurodegenerative diseases (n=86) and healthy controls (n=101) and compared their biomarker profiles. Mini-Mental Status Examination (MMSE) was performed for patients with Alzheimer’s disease. Moreover, ELISAs from two manufacturers were used and compared regarding their diagnostic accuracy in differentiating between the pathologies. For the present data, a cut-off value for tau of 315 pg/ml, for ptau of 45 pg/ml, for beta-amyloid 1-42 of 899 pg/ml and for the beta-amyloid 1-42/40 ratio of 0.96 was calculated, providing an AUC > 90% to differentiate between Alzheimer's patients and healthy controls. We were able to show that differentiating between other neurodegenerative disease and Alzheimer's disease was possible with a cut-off value of 834 pg/ml for beta-amyloid 1-42 and of 1.12 for the beta-amyloid 1-42/40 ratio. For p-Tau, a threshold value of 59 pg/ml was found. In the new criteria of the NIA-AA, tau is defined as a non-specific marker for neurodegeneration, since increased t-tau concentrations are found in various neurodegenerative processes (e.g., ischemic diseases). In the present data, the calculated cut-off value for t-tau achieved a sensitivity and specificity of over 83% to differentiate Alzheimer's patients from other dementias and the entire cohort, respectively. In patients with Alzheimer’s disease, results for t-tau were correlated with p-tau and increased dementia severity. There was no significant change in CSF concentrations with increasing dementia severity for beta-amyloid 1-42 or the beta-amyloid 1-42/40 ratio. For transthyretin and p-Tau rel no significant results were found in respect to their diagnostic accuracy in Alzheimer’s disease. For both, t-tau and beta-amyloid 1-42, the ELISAs from different manufacturers yielded comparable results. The results of the present study confirm a high diagnostic accuracy of t-tau, p-tau, beta-amyloid 1-42 and the beta-amyloid 1-42/40 ratio in CSF for the diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease. A combination of CSF biomarkers is helpful to distinguish Alzheimer's disease from other neurological disorders.
Keywords: alzheimer's disease; tau; amyloid; csf