Functions of root mucilage for plant and soil: Quantifying its exudation, characterizing its composition, and assessing its influence on plant water and nitrogen uptake and rhizosphere microorganisms
von Meisam Nazari
Datum der mündl. Prüfung:2022-06-01
Erschienen:2022-12-06
Betreuer:Prof. Dr. Michaela Dippold
Gutachter:Prof. Dr. Timothy Beissinger
Gutachter:Prof. Dr. Sandra Spielvogel
Gutachter:Dr. Kyle Mason-Jones
Förderer:German Federal Environmental Foundation
Dateien
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Zusammenfassung
Englisch
Plants modify the chemical, biological, and physical properties of the soil around their roots by releasing a set of substances called rhizodeposits. Mucilage, a viscoelastic high-molecular-weight substance exuded by root tips, constitutes about half of rhizodeposits. Mucilage has many important functions for plants and soil such as easing root penetration, aggregating soil particles, ameliorating soil aluminum toxicity, improving the rhizosphere water content and water-holding capacity, and being a substrate for microbial utilization. Polysaccharides, proteins, minerals, and lipids build up the chemical structure of mucilage, although there is no general overview of the proportion and functions of each mucilage component. Despite many services provided by mucilage, our understanding of the influence of genetics and environment (i.e., climate and soil) on mucilage exudation amount and composition is limited, restricting the incorporation of mucilage traits into breeding programs. Moreover, mucilage is mostly known for its hydraulic and physical functions in the rhizosphere. Studies relating mucilage to microbial processes in the rhizosphere are rare. In addition, several studies performed on mucilage highlight its functions for facilitating plant and nutrient uptake from dry soils, but there is no experimental evidence that mucilage actually does this because these experiments used artificial conditions in which mucilage was mixed with soil in the absence of plant. Based on the above-mentioned research gaps, the present thesis aimed to analyze plant mucilage components and their functions in the rhizosphere (Study 1), quantify and characterize mucilage polysaccharide composition and exudation amount in maize from contrasting climatic regions (Study 2), investigate the effect of soil, climate, and variety on quantity and quality of maize root mucilage exudation (Study 3), analyze the function of mucilage as a biofilm matrix that shapes the rhizosphere microbial habitat (Study 4), and investigate the function of mucilage for plant water and nitrogen uptake from a dry soil (Study 5). Study 1 indicated that mucilage is composed of polysaccharides (78.4%), proteins (7.3%), minerals (5.6%), and lipids (3.1%), each playing important roles in the rhizosphere. Study 2 revealed that maize nodal root mucilage polysaccharide is composed of galactose (∼39–42%), fucose (∼22–30%), mannose (∼11–14%), arabinose (∼8–11%), xylose (∼1–4%), glucose (∼1– 4%), and glucuronic acid (∼3–5%). The Indian (900 M Gold) and Kenyan (DH 02) maize genotypes exuded 135 and 125% higher amounts of mucilage than the central European maize genotypes (Kentos and KXB 8383), respectively. Moreover, there was a significant positive relationship between the mucilage exudation amount and the vapor pressure deficit of the genotypes’ agroecological zone of origin. Study 3 demonstrated that the Kenyan semi-arid tropical climatic conditions and loam Luvisol soil from Germany induced 35.8% and 73.7% higher mucilage exudation rate than the German humid temperate climatic conditions and sandy-clay loam Acrisol soil from Kenya, respectively. Furthermore, higher proportions of the uronic acids were observed in the mucilage of the varieties grown in the sandy-clay loam soil and under the semi-arid tropical climatic conditions. Study 4 showed that plant mucilage and microbial extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) have no consistent differences in viscosity, surface tension, and polysaccharide, protein, neutral monosaccharide, and uronic acid composition. The high mucilage concentrations at the root tip led to maximally 109 bacterial cells grown per day and the low mucilage concentrations at the 28.35 mm zone above the root tip led to 3 × 1010 bacterial cells grown per day. Study 5 indicated that the lowest mucilage water-holding capacities belonged to the drought-susceptible maize varieties Keops (291 times its dry weight) and Kentos (599 times its dry weight). The drought-resistant maize varieties DH02 and DH04 had the highest leaf nitrogen contents of 35.1 SPAD and DH04 with 38.3 SPAD, respectively. Further, the mucilage water-holding capacity was significantly positively correlated with the leaf nitrogen content (r = 0.56). In conclusion, plant breeders can exploit the functions of each mucilage component (polysaccharides, proteins, minerals, lipids) to promote agricultural and environmental sustainability (Study 1). Maize mucilage exudation amount is a function of the climatic conditions of the genotypes’ agroecological zone of origin where the breeding is performed, possibly because of the role of mucilage in delaying the onset of hydraulic failure during periods of high vapor pressure deficit. We propose that maize mucilage exudation amount has a genetic basis and genotypes from semi-arid agroecological zones are important sources of genetic material for advantageous mucilage traits (Study 2). However, maize can increase its mucilage exudation rate in response to warm climatic conditions and in microbially fertile soils to adapt to water stress and support the rhizosphere microorganisms, respectively. We suggest that uronic acids of mucilage play a substantial role in maize resistance to water stress, because of their interconnections with Ca2+ modifying the mucilage and rhizosphere hydraulics (Study 3). Furthermore, mucilage and EPS have similar physical and chemical properties, suggesting comparable functions for these biogels and supporting the potential of mucilage to function as a biofilm matrix like EPS. We recommend that the function of mucilage as a biofilm matrix has been underestimated and should be considered in conceptual plant and soil models (Study 4). The maize varieties capable of exuding a mucilage that is able to hold huge amounts of water could take up more nitrogen from the dry soil, conveying the importance of mucilage water-holding capacity for improving the uptake of nutrients from drying soils (Study 5). Finally, in the context of the second green revolution, we suggest that plant breeders consider such an important belowground trait as mucilage in their breeding programs toward agricultural and environmental sustainability.
Keywords: Microorganisms, rhizosphere, root mucilage, polysaccharide composition, plant environmental adaptation