Development of attract and kill formulations for biological psyllid pest control
Doctoral thesis
Date of Examination:2022-10-28
Date of issue:2022-12-06
Advisor:Prof. Dr. Michael Rostás
Referee:Prof. Dr. Michael Rostás
Referee:Prof. Dr. Anant Patel
Referee:Prof. Dr. Travis Glare
Sponsor:Federal Ministry of Food and Agriculture (BMEL)
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Description:Dissertation
Abstract
English
Psyllid pests are distributed all over the world causing damage in various crop plants by serving as vector insects for phytoplasmosis diseases. One of these psyllids distributed in Europe is Cacopsylla picta (Hemiptera: Psyllidae), which is the only known vector of Candidatus Phytoplasma mali, the causing agent of apple proliferation. There are no direct measures to combat phytoplasmosis bacteria, thus, the vector itself needs to be controlled. As chemical insecticides have been increasingly restricted in recent years due to their high risk to non-target organisms, new strategies for psyllid control are needed. Innovative attract-and-kill strategies using semiochemicals and beneficial microorganisms offer insect-specific and environmentally friendly control options. One of the potential allomones released by apple trees attractive towards Cacopsylla picta is β-caryophyllene. Due to the instability against UV and oxidation and their high volatility, protection and release control of semiochemicals by formulation is needed. Entomopathogenic fungi are considered as promising alternative to common synthetic insecticides. In 2016, the new entomophthoralean fungus Pandora sp. nov. inedit. (ARSEF 13372) was isolated from a Cacopsylla sp. collected in a Danish pear orchard. Species of the Entomophthorales are known for their strict host specificity, their fast speed-to-kill and for their ability to cause epizootics. To enable commercial applicability of Pandora sp. nov., the non-economic mass production and inconsistent efficiency after field application needs to be overcome. The overall aim of this work was the development of innovative formulations that can be applied in attract-and-kill-strategies for the biological control of Cacopsylla picta in apple orchards. Special emphasize was laid on the development of a slow release formulation for the attractant β-caryophyllene and the establishment of a fermentation and formulation process suitable for mass production and propagation of the entomopathogenic fungus Pandora sp. nov. inedit. (ARSEF 13372) in psyllid pest control. Chapter 1 provides important background information and the state-of-the-art of the research topics addressed in this thesis. In addition, this chapter contains a review providing an overview of recent formulations developed for insect behavior manipulation by semiochemicals, focusing on formulation aspects and the potential for slow and controlled release. This chapter also covers the state-of-the-art on entomophthoralean fungi as biocontrol agents and on attract-and-kill strategies. In Chapter 2, a novel formulation based on an ethylcellulose-candelilla wax-oleogel was developed for the slow release of β-caryophyllene as attract formulation for C. picta. The developed and patented formulation combines unique properties that makes it highly suitable for semiochemical formulation and release, such as a reduced processing temperature, improved oil-binding capacity and mechanical stability, self-adhesive properties on leaves and release modifiability. Chapter 3 deals with the potential of the attract formulation developed in Chapter 2 for a controlled release. β-caryophyllene release was found to be affected by melting of candelilla wax as a thermo-responsive oleogelator. Thus, the novel ethylcellulose-candelilla wax-oleogel formulation bears the potential for a temperature-triggered release of β-caryophyllene. With the formulation presented in Chapter 2 and 3, a novel matrix-type semiochemical formulation based on nontoxic, biobased and biodegradable materials is provided that will contribute to the establishment of oleogels as delivery systems for semiochemicals in general. In Chapter 4, the biomass production of the new entomophthoralean psyllid-pathogenic fungus Pandora sp. nov. inedit (ARSEF 13372) in a liquid culture was explored. Pandora sp. nov. was found to grow best in media containing skimmed milk, but even faster in a mixture of skimmed milk, yeast extract and a low-cost protein hydrolysate from animal by-products. Increased media osmolality through the addition of sodium chloride promoted growth as finely dispersed mycelium, which is suitable for subsequent encapsulation in hydrogel beads. After the medium had been transferred to a stirred tank bioreactor with a working volume of 8 L, a maximum biomass dry weight of 21 g/L was reached after 48 hours. These promising results pave the way for large-scale fermentation processes of the new Pandora species. In Chapter 5, Pandora sp. nov. inedit. (ARSEF 13372) was converted into an easily applicable form by encapsulation in Ca-alginate beads. Pandora sp. nov. grew from the beads and discharged conidia over 12 days. Supplementing the beads with skimmed milk as nutrient source increased conidial numbers by 2.95-fold. Beads containing skimmed milk as nutritional additive and 10% Pandora sp. nov. biomass led to the highest mortalities of 48.3% and 75.0% in the two target psyllid species Cacopsylla picta and Cacopsylla pyri, respectively. In a second bioassay, the survival time of Cacopsylla pyri was significantly reduced when exposed to beads containing 20% Pandora sp. nov with a median survival time of 5–6 days past inoculation and a cumulative mortality of 89%. The promising results of this study will ease the way for large-scale field application of the new Pandora species in biological psyllid pest control. Chapter 6 addresses the high humidity requirements necessary for successful sporulation of entomophthoralean fungi. Pandora sp. nov. was found to sporulate only when the water activity was higher than 0.99. Co-application with a paste-type formulation based on biopolymers with high water sorption capacities developed and patented in this work allowed encapsulated Pandora sp. nov. to sporulate under very dry humidity conditions of 30 – 40% RH in the laboratory for at least 6 days and even under dry conditions in a semi-field trial during summertime. In Chapter 7, a computer-assisted image analysis method was developed for the rapid, simple and objective quantification of actively discharged conidia of Pandora sp. nov. The key to faster quantification is the calculation of the linear relationship between the gray value and the automatically counted number of conidia, which needs to be performed only once in the beginning of the analysis. Afterwards, the gray value is used as single parameter for quantification. The method can be performed with conventional laboratory equipment by using bright-field microscopes, standard scanners and the open-source software ImageJ and, thus, can serve as a manual for other researchers for quantification of fungal spores. In Chapter 8 the findings of this work are summarized and discussed, the impact is pointed out and prospects for future research and developments are given.
Keywords: Oleogel; Encapsulation; Entomopathogenic fungi; Entomophthorales; Biological control; Attract and kill; Cacopsylla spp.; Semiochemical release; Pandora cacopsyllae; Biopesticide formulation; Fermentation; Bioinsecticide