MDF Recycling: Recovering fibres from fibreboards for further material utilisation with a focus on the chemical and morphological alteration of the recovered fibres
Cumulative thesis
Date of Examination:2022-08-19
Date of issue:2023-02-01
Advisor:Prof. Dr. Carsten Mai
Referee:Prof. Dr. Carsten Mai
Referee:Prof. Dr. Stergios Adamopoulos
Referee:Prof. Dr. Ursula Kües
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Description:Cumulative dissertation - Fahriye Yağmur Bütün Buschalsky
Abstract
English
The present research was performed within the scopes of the DFG Research Training Group 1703 “Resource Efficiency in Interorganizational Networks” and AiF Project GmbH (project No. 16KN065229), which aims at developing a new fibreboard recycling technique based on thermo-hydrolytic disintegration by focusing on the further material usage of the waste fibreboards while preserving the fibrous morphology of the wood element and increasing the added-value compared to combustion (energy recovery). The results have been gathered in total as six manuscripts for being published or are submitted for publishing elsewhere. Medium density fibreboard (MDF) is uniform, dense, smooth, and free of knots and grain patterns, and is an excellent substitute for solid wood in many applications. As the name suggests, the MDF has density range between 500 to 800 kg m-3 and is manufactured by hot-press consolidation with a thermo-setting adhesive resulting in an entire inter-fibre bonding of the fine lignocellulosic fibres. MDF is the second most important wood-based panel (WBP) after particleboard, hence, the global MDF production has reached above 90 million m3 in 2017 and 2018. MDF tends to be used in indoor applications such as furniture, laminate flooring and panelling. It is estimated that nearly 50 million m3 of waste MDF was generated across the world in 2016 alone. Alternative approaches for the disposal of this waste are missing and need to be considered, such as recycling the waste into further value-added uses. However, a commercially viable method for MDF recycling has not been found yet. Additionally, energy recovery (combustion for energy production) is not an option in many EU countries, due to the lack of sufficient incinerator capacity for burning waste MDF. Therefore, large volumes of MDF must have accumulated across Europe. Furthermore, introducing the recovered fibres back into the MDF manufacturing as a raw material requires careful control to avoid upsetting the process or affecting the board quality. In order to preserve the fibrous morphology of the recovered lignocellulosic fibre material, while releasing the fibres from the thermosetting resin matrix, the thermo-hydrolytic disintegration process would be the best option. Thus, in this thesis, the thermo-hydrolytic disintegration process has been chosen as the main technique for recovering the wood fibres from waste fibreboards. As a result of this disintegration process, recovered fibres (RF) and disintegration water (DW) were obtained. Obtained recovered fibres, when compared to virgin fibres (VF), were found to be shortened which could be attributed to the disintegration conditions and have altered chemical properties resulting in higher pH and formaldehyde emissions due to the remaining resin. Moreover, RF were further utilized for manufacturing either new MDF panels or wood polymer composites (WPC). When utilized for manufacturing new MDF, even the utilisation of 100 % RF did not cause significantly lower strength properties than that of panels made of 100 % VF. However, introducing the screw press process for drying the RF after the disintegration caused decreased strength properties compared to the original MDF panels containing VF. Although, mixing screw-pressed and air-dried RF with VF improved these properties, the strength of the panels containing solely VF were not achieved. Furthermore, WPC formulations containing RF exhibited improved mechanical and water-related properties, even though they provided similar physico-mechanical results to those containing VF. The study has also shown that obtained DW exhibited higher pH values, N as well as formaldehyde contents while containing significant levels of reducing sugar and equivalents when compared to demineralized water. The findings of this dissertation not only make several scientific contributions to the current literature, but also suggest utilizing RF obtained after the thermo-hydrolytic disintegration of waste MDF for manufacturing new MDF and WPC to ensure a more efficient utilization of these wood resources. Further research might be carried out to explore how different mixing proportions of RF and VF effect the strength properties of these possible utilisation areas, especially new MDF.
Keywords: MDF; Fibreboard; recycling; Wood Based Panels; WPC; Wood Polymer Composites; recovered fibres; formaldehyde emission; fibre morphology; Themo-hydrolytic disintegration; mechanical properties; physical properties