Improving rhinoceros conservation and management through behaviour-based research: Evidence from Botswana
Dissertation
Datum der mündl. Prüfung:2023-04-24
Erschienen:2023-07-07
Betreuer:Prof. Dr. Niko Balkenhol
Gutachter:Prof. Dr. Niko Balkenhol
Gutachter:Prof. Dr. Matthias Waltert
Förderer:Stiftung der Deutschen Wirtschaft
Förderer:Deutscher Akademischer Austauschdienst
Förderer:Oklahoma City Zoo Conservation Action Now! Fund
Förderer:Pittsburgh Zoo & PPG Aquarium Conservation and Sustainability Fund
Förderer:Riverbanks Zoo and Garden Satch Krantz Conservation Fund
Dateien
Name:Pfannerstill_rhino.pdf
Size:3.88Mb
Format:PDF
Zusammenfassung
Englisch
Illegal wildlife trafficking is one of the major drivers of biodiversity loss. Some of the most targeted species of illegal wildlife trade are rhinoceroses (“rhinos”), which exist nowadays in distinct populations in several reserves. For genetic exchange between these meta-populations and to establish new populations, rhinos are commonly translocated. Spatial behaviour of rhinos after translocations is very variable and can result in long-distance dispersal, but the causes for this behaviour are not well known. Long-distance dispersal can be controlled by fences or through re-capture of the dispersing individual, but this is expensive and stressful for the animals. Cues from natural rhino communication could present more animal-friendly and cost-effective methods to keep rhinos at the release site. After translocation, the protection of the new population from illegal harvesting is very important. To reduce the attractiveness of rhinos to poachers, the animals can be dehorned, but the effects of horn removal on natural rhino behaviours have previously not been extensively studied. The aim of this thesis is to use behavioural research to evaluate rhino management methods and to contribute to their improvement. The first chapter provides a general introduction and presents rhinos as a study species. To improve understanding of spatial behaviour of rhinos, several indicators for home range establishment are tested in Supplementary study 1. Chapter 2 builds on Supplementary study 1 and analyses the movement data of 72 rhinos translocated to Botswana for site fidelity and movement range sizes after release. In white rhinos (Ceratotherium simum), differences in site fidelity depending on age were found, with higher site fidelity in adults than in subadults. There was no evidence for differences in site fidelity between age classes in black rhinos (Diceros bicornis). Movement range sizes of white rhinos were smaller at a confined release site compared to sites without movement restricting barriers, and range sizes of newly released individuals were larger than range sizes after one year. Fencing the release area during the explorative phase of rhino movement after translocations might therefore help to increase site fidelity, but the logistical efforts needed for fencing might outweigh the benefits, as all individuals in this study eventually established stable home ranges. Chapter 3 examines the possibility to attract or deter rhinos through playbacks of conspecific calls, which might be applied as a management tool to reduce post-translocation dispersal. Playback experiments were performed with 25 free-roaming white rhinos in Botswana. The study subjects reacted to both socio-positive and socio-negative calls with head movements and calling but directed movement responses were rare and depended on a wide range of factors, i.e., the sex of the targeted rhino, wind conditions, the behaviour of the animal before the playback, and the familiarity of the tested individual with the caller. Males often approached the loudspeaker, while females escaped from playbacks with calls from unfamiliar senders. It would potentially be possible to use playbacks to guide rhino movement, but to evaluate the applicability, further research would be needed, ideally with automated behavioural response systems and the testing of long-term effects. Supplementary study 2 and 3 present additional experiments with juvenile calls and analyses of vigilance behaviour durations and distances travelled before and after playback experiments. Chapter 4 examines the impact of dehorning on natural rhino behaviour using data from focal animal sampling of nine rhinos. The focal subjects were observed for one month before and after a dehorning event. No effects of dehorning on resting, feeding and comfort behaviour were found. Females showed more locomotion after dehorning than before, which might reflect an avoidance of the observation vehicle, because the animals had been immobilised and therefore chased from the vehicle in preparation for the dehorning. The vocalisation rate of males was lower after dehorning than before because two males had vocalised continuously during a fight before dehorning. No fight was observed after dehorning, so this could either be a biased result or an indicator for reduced aggressive behaviour after dehorning. During the two months of behavioural observations, two rhinos in the study population gave birth. The births seemed to have much stronger effects on rhino behaviour than dehorning, because the females that gave birth changed from mainly feeding to mainly resting, and males that searched for the females when they had isolated themselves for giving birth showed increased locomotion. Therefore, social events might impact rhino behaviour more than dehorning and dehorning can be seen as a safe conservation method from an animal welfare point of view. Further research would be necessary to evaluate the effectiveness of dehorning in reducing poaching events. This thesis contributes to the growing field of conservation behaviour, a discipline that aims to use behavioural ecological knowledge for successful and efficient conservation solutions. Chapter 5 discusses the application of the main findings of this work in rhino management and in the larger context of adaptive management. Overall, the results of this thesis highlight research gaps in rhino conservation plans and report possible improvements of current management methods, which can be extended to other species and contribute to biodiversity conservation.
Keywords: conservation translocation; translocation success; settlement behaviour; exploratory movement; bioacoustics; conservation behaviour; playback; vocalisation; Ceratotherium; mammal; dehorning; poaching; aggressive interaction; reintroduction; rhinoceros