War as Family Affair: The Role of African Women in World War One in German East Africa, 1914-1918
by Yovita Albert Vakolavene
Date of Examination:2021-05-19
Date of issue:2023-07-07
Advisor:Prof. Dr. Rebekka Habermas
Referee:PD Dr. Richard Hölzl
Referee:Prof. Dr. Bertram Mapunda
Referee:Prof. Dr. Marian Füssel
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Abstract
English
This study explores the role of African women during WWI in German East Africa in the period from 1914 to 1918. Historically, like women in other parts of the world, African women have contributed to the war efforts in their communities. In the colonial period, in German East Africa, women offered their support in various campaigns either as askaris’ women or as wives, daughters or mothers of the warriors. They also offered support during WWI either as askaris’ women at the war front or as mothers, wives or daughters of the men who had gone to war at home front. However, compared to men, African women participation in WWI is overlooked. Thus, this study examines women’s participation in this war either as askaris’ women at the war front or as wives, sisters or mothers of men at the home front. This study relies mainly on primary, secondary and oral sources. Primary involves archival sources and accounts of pre-colonial explorers, missionaries, travellers and WWI participants. The archives visited includes, Tanzania National Archives, British National Archives, Belgian Foreign department archives, archives of Imperial War Museum of London and Central Africa archives in Africa Museum of Tervuren, Belgium. Secondary sources involve library survey. The oral interviews were done in two regions namely Ruvuma and Lindi. This study relies on two theories in explaining its data; one is gender theory (African feminism) and two, is military theory (trinity). The research findings show that African women participated in WWI directly and indirectly, willingly and unwillingly. They also show that, throughout the war, women’s activities either complemented or substituted the activities of men. This study argues that women in German East Africa played a major role at the war front by encouraging and maintaining German askari morale, which gave the askari the strength and courage to continue fighting. At the German East African home front, women maintained their families. Women’s social cultural responsibilities enabled women at the war front to be an anchor to askari whose morale to fight depended on women’s support and encouragement. While at the home front, the survival of families depended on women’s labour in agriculture and other economic activities. In some cases, women’s social cultural status caused them to be victims of the war. However, as victims, they continued to play their role until they were able to escape the ordeal of being victims of war.
Keywords: African Women; Gender; World War One; women and warfare; war; German East Africa; askari; carriers; rugaruga