Vorbereitende Studien zu Methoden der Wachstumslenkung am Schafsmodell
by Theresa Elisabeth Michel
Date of Examination:2023-08-03
Date of issue:2023-08-03
Advisor:Prof. Dr. Anna-Kathrin Hell
Referee:Prof. Dr. Anna-Kathrin Hell
Referee:Prof. Dr. Frauke Alves
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Abstract
English
In the present work, investigations were carried out within the framework of the BMBF project "Externally steerable plate osteosynthesis system for children (KiD Plate)" (No.13GW0302B). The investigations concerned the experimental animal sheep for pediatric orthopedic implant research, as well as pilot studies on the implantation of an extramedullary magnetically steerable force carrier and on the thermal ablation of growth plates. In a total of 15 experimental lambs, behavioral observations (n = 7) and extended activity analyses under laboratory conditions (n = 3), as well as measurement of the load on the legs of the sheep (n = 8) were performed. The use of a pressure-sensitive walkway proved to be particularly suitable. As described in the literature, a stronger load on the front legs could be detected without differences in relation to the body half. In future application of this methodology, video recording during gait analysis is recommended. From the obtained data, it was also possible to determine a daily average load of the hind legs of 2.94 kg/min. The hind legs were in the foreground during the measurements and evaluations according to the legs on the child. This can be used as a benchmark for the development of new implants for leg lengthening with in vivo measurements on sheep. It should be noted that the forces acting on the bones, for example from muscles and tendons, were not considered. In another experiment in this work, a magnetically steerable implant was applied to the tibia of a juvenile linseed lamb. The widespread surgical methods of bone lengthening for the correction of leg length discrepancies are not satisfactory, especially in children under the age of ten years. As an off-label trial, the rod-shaped MAGEC implant was applied extramedullary to the tibia of a sheep. The previous biomechanical testing with axial forces up to 500 N indicated sufficient stability. However, the postoperative course showed a lack of stability of the implant against the rotational forces acting in vivo. Due to the problem, which could not be corrected by reoperation, the test animal had to be euthanized. For future experiments involving implants on sheep extremities, a postoperative fixation of the animals in slings is recommended to avoid rotational forces. In addition to the in vivo experiments, sheep bones were also used under in vitro conditions. A pilot study was conducted to test thermal ablation as a therapeutic tool to affect the lamb growth plate. Following conventional radiographic examination, heat was applied via an electrocautery tip. An evaluation was performed conventionally radiologically and by microCT, MRI, and histology. The successful hit rate according to the evaluation of the radiographs was 80%, by microCT 87.5%, and by MRI 93.5%. Therefore, radiography alone as performed in this study seems to be insufficient. Histological images showed tissue damage in growth plate and bone tissue. Accordingly, it appears that the methodology described here for ablation of a limited portion of the growth plate is suitable in the context of growth inhibition or control in children. However, to confirm this hypothesis, the effects of the applied heat should be investigated in vivo in the long-term course. In the context of the preparation of histological sections of the bones used for thermal ablation, a new methodology for a precise preparation of the histological sections was established. MicroCT-images of the embedded bone pieces were used to create three-dimensional models, where the desired section planes could virtually be defined. By hand, these section planes were marked on the Technovit blocks. To create the histological sections a laser microtome was used. The small loss of material during preparation of the histological sections made it possible to visualize the lesions in several sections, which could be stained differently. Problems encountered in the process were solved during or after the establishment of this method by updates for the laser microtome. In the future a further development of this methodology can be envisaged, which will further reduce the inaccuracies due to the hand-marked section planes.
Keywords: leg length discrepancy; children; linen sheep; gait analysis; hoof pressure; pressure-sensitive walkway; lamb; growth modulation; tibia; extramedullary lengthening device; failure; hemiepiphysiodesis; thermal ablation; growth plate; histology; microCT