Understanding sustainable food consumption: analysis of sustainable, plant-based dietary patterns, related food choices, and sensory acceptability
by Marlene Ohlau
Date of Examination:2023-07-04
Date of issue:2023-08-29
Advisor:Prof. Dr. Achim, Spiller
Referee:Prof. Dr. Elke, Pawelzik
Referee:Prof. Dr. Daniel, Mörlein
Referee:Prof. Dr. Antje Jun.-Risius
Files in this item
Name:2023_Ohlau_EDISS.pdf
Size:3.01Mb
Format:PDF
Abstract
English
Given the impact of today’s food consumption on climate change and natural resource scarcity, as well as its impact on public health, a large-scale dietary transition is needed. A shift toward sustainable diets high in plant-based, seasonal, local, and minimally processed foods and low in animal-based foods is increasingly highlighted as an important and necessary lever for food system sustainability. However, to promote such a shift, it is crucial to understand what constitutes sustainable dietary patterns and what drives their underlying consumption behaviors. This thesis operates within the field of sustainability and life science and uses different methodological approaches to gain a deeper understanding of the transformative changes that food patterns must undergo if they are to contribute to long-term sustainable development. Therefore, it analyzes the characteristics of plant-based food consumption and substitution patterns, food choice factors, and sensory acceptability by means of different but sustainability-related products. Of the five scientific articles included in this thesis, Articles I and II start by examining dietary patterns and their association with the consumption of plant-based meat alternatives (along with ultra-processed foods) and plant-based ("super") foods, using avocados as an example. They provide insights into the dietary composition and substitution patterns of vegetarian and flexitarian diets and reveal related food choice behaviors. Article III examines consumer acceptance and consumption patterns of plant-based meat, cheese, and milk alternatives. While the first article focused only on the consumer behavior of meat alternatives, this research expands to include dairy alternatives and analyzes consumer sensory perception and evaluation of actual products available on the market. Article IV continues to focus on the sensory evaluation of plant-based milk alternatives but takes advantage of a real-life experimental approach (public café) to test for contextual influences (i.e., physical environment). Also, within sensory research, Article V examines the acceptance of sustainably produced meat using the example of pasture-raised beef. It extends the methodological approach of Article IV by considering not only environmental factors (i.e., context) but also the influence of information about the production system on consumer acceptance. An experimental, real-life approach is realized through home-use testing. The articles presented here demonstrate that vegans and vegetarians, in particular, consume (ultra-processed) plant-based meat alternatives. Plant-based alternative products are of great interest for dietary transformation because they can facilitate a shift away from animal-based foods. To the extent that meat alternatives are genuine alternatives to meat, this benefits human health, the environment, and animal welfare. However, when integrated into a vegetarian diet, plant-based meat alternatives can potentially increase the consumption of ultra-processed foods, thereby diminishing the health benefits of a vegetarian diet, induced by the consumption of whole and low-processed plant-based foods. Flexitarians, on the other hand, consume significantly fewer alternatives, indicating that these products are not necessarily accepted as substitutes for meat. Overall, flexitarians appear to be self-motivated and less altruistic in their food choices. They place more importance on their health and the taste of food. It is clear that taste plays an important role in food choices, both as an important driver and as a likely barrier, often overriding ethical values, such as animal welfare and environmental concerns. Especially for sustainably produced foods and those that could be of value for sustainable diets, a positive taste experience is of great importance. Appealing taste and sensory attributes may be fruitful in increasing acceptance. The integration of contextual factors, i.e., the physical and social environment, has proven to be a promising approach in this regard. Therefore, it is important to offer consumers sustainable food choices in restaurants, community catering, and public retail stores and to create marketing incentives to make sustainable food a familiar choice. In short, this work provides insight into the differentiation of dietary patterns, as well as innovative experimental sensory research approaches aimed at increasing ecological validity. Strategies to promote sustainable dietary patterns are discussed. Furthermore, scientific and practical implications, as well as further research needs, are highlighted.
Keywords: Dietary patterns; Plant-based diet; Consumer behavior; Sensory perception; Taste; Sustainability