Linking China Forest Ecology Development with Power: Cases from 1998 to 2022
Kumulative Dissertation
Datum der mündl. Prüfung:2023-06-29
Erschienen:2023-09-22
Betreuer:Prof. Dr. Max Krott
Gutachter:Prof. Dr. Max Krott
Gutachter:Prof. Dr. Lukas Giessen
Förderer:China Scholarship Council (CSC)
Förderer:Faculty of Forest Sciences and Forest Ecology, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen
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Zusammenfassung
Englisch
Since the 1980s, China's forest area has experienced a remarkable recovery, simultaneously promoting the ecological functions of forests in biodiversity conservation and carbon sequestration. China's forest transformation stands out in the context of the overall decline of the world’s forest ecology. Many scholars have emphasized the coercive power of China's central government in forest governance. However, there are strong indications of complex interactions among actors in China's forest ecology restoration. Therefore, this thesis aims to systematically examine the drivers of forest ecological development in China through an “actor-power-interest” lens. My dissertation adopts an actor-centered theory of power, which defines power as “a social relationship in which actor A alters the behavior of actor B without recognizing B’s will.” The ACP theory further identifies three elements of power: coercion, (dis)incentive, and dominant information. In the research, I further develop the theoretical definition of interests, including formal objectives, whereas, informal political, economic, and strategic interests. This dissertation links the theoretical framework and the methodology in depth, as a critical part of my work during my Ph.D. By observing actor behavior, power resources, stated objectives, and policy impact, we can derive the formal and informal interests of the powerful. By combining an “actor-power-interest” analytical perspective with the Chinese institutional settings, I demonstrate three conclusions, supported by empirical evidence. (1) The central government cannot enforce its will through coercion alone. In reaction to the shock of the 1998 Flood, the central government adds economic and informative power to coercion to implement policies. (2) Political and economic informal interests drive ecological contribution by the central and local governments in the post-disaster period. Meanwhile, the central-led project system and the local-led subcontract system ensure that the interests of both parties are guaranteed. (3) In China's public-private partnerships, the balance of power between the local government and NGOs enables the effective operation of the nature reserve. Overall, my doctoral dissertation attempts to identify the actors that advance forest ecology in China and to explain their interests and power. Through empirical analysis, I demonstrate that forest governance in China does not rely solely on the coercive power of the central government, which has also failed in the past. The key to forest ecological development in China is that the central government, local governments, and non-state actors can gain power and realize their formal and informal interests through different policy arrangements. The significance of my Ph.D. research is to contribute to forest policy research in China and internationally. Moreover, it shows the academic community that Chinese and German academics can share common knowledge based on critical research. In troubled times, what the academy requires is not “beggar-thy-neighbor,” but persistent high standards of research and tenacious mutual communication.
Keywords: China; Power Analysis; Forest and Nature Conservation Policy