Interplay between α-synuclein expression and 26S proteasome chaperone Rpn14 and Rpn11 deubiquitinase in the budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae
Doctoral thesis
Date of Examination:2022-10-19
Date of issue:2023-10-17
Advisor:Prof. Dr. Gerhard Braus
Referee:Prof. Dr. Stefanie Pöggeler
Referee:Prof. Dr. Tiago Fleming Outeiro
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Abstract
English
Alpha-synuclein (αSyn) in a misfolded state is the main component of Lewy bodies (LBs). These filamentous cytoplasmic inclusions are the neuropathological hallmark of Parkinson’s disease (PD). αSyn aggregates in LBs are prominently phosphorylated at serine 129 (pS129), suggesting that this posttranslational modification is linked to pathogenicity. Increasing amounts of toxic αSyn species indicate significant perturbation of protein homeostasis in PD. The central question of this thesis focuses on the analysis of the interplay of αSyn with two important components of a functional 26S proteasome: (i) the Rpn14 proteasome assembly chaperone and (ii) the Rpn11 deubiquitinase. The budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae was used as eukaryotic reference cell to investigate the impact of αSyn on protein homeostasis and the interplay between αSyn and proteins associated with 26S proteasome. Expression of αSyn in yeast results in growth impairment and cytoplasmic protein inclusions resembling the aggregates observed within LBs. A tandem fluorescent protein timer (tFT) was exploited to perform a high-throughput screen for proteins with altered turnover upon expression of αSyn or a phosphorylation-deficient S129A mutant. The impact of αSyn on the changes in protein stability was more significant than that of S129A. One of the top hits with different stability depending on the phosphorylation state of αSyn was the Rpn14 assembly chaperone of the 26S proteasome. αSyn expression increased the stability of Rpn14, whereas S129A had an opposite effect. High levels of Rpn14 were deleterious to yeast cells and enhanced αSyn-induced growth retardation. Elevated Rpn14 or αSyn levels increased the accumulation of ubiquitin conjugates upon depletion of the proteasome base subunits Rpt2, Rpt4 or Rpt6. Rpn14 overexpression resulted in accumulation of pS129, suggesting that Rpn14 is directly involved in the turnover of phosphorylated αSyn. Bimolecular Fluorescence Complementation assay (BiFC) revealed a physical interaction between Rpn14 and αSyn. Expression of αSyn and an increased Rpn14 level resulted in decreased 26S activity. The effect was specific for pS129 αSyn. These results demonstrate that inhibition of the proteasomal activity by phosphorylated αSyn in yeast is mediated by the proteasome chaperone Rpn14. Rpn11 is a deubiquitinating enzyme of the 26S proteasome. Downregulation of the corresponding RPN11 gene in combination with high levels of αSyn resulted in depletion of the pool of cellular ubiquitinated proteins and enhanced αSyn mediated toxicity. Rpn11 deubiquitinase promotes the degradation of phosphorylated αSyn. In absence of the intrinsically disordered Sem1 proteasome subunit that is required for stabilization of Rpn11, stabilization of αSyn was observed. Expression of αSyn upon deletion of SEM1 resulted in increased accumulation of ubiquitinated conjugates. This indicates a complex crosstalk between αSyn and Rpn11. This study corroborates a complex mechanistic interplay between proteasome and pS129 αSyn causing a substantial altered protein homeostasis in yeast as model for PD.
Keywords: Parkinson's disease; alpha-synuclein; 26S proteasome; proteasomal chaperone; yeast; protein homeostasis; tandem fluorescent protein timer; posttranslational modifications