Addressing barriers to human capital accumulation: Essays in development and health economics
Doctoral thesis
Date of Examination:2023-09-28
Date of issue:2023-11-17
Advisor:Prof. Dr. Sebastian Vollmer
Referee:Prof. Dr. Renate Hartwig
Referee:Prof. Dr Jennifer Manne-Goehler
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Name:Dissertation Sophie Ochmann_neu.pdf
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Abstract
English
While health and education, jointly referred to as human capital, are important ends in themselves, they are also important drivers of poverty alleviation and economic growth. Understanding and overcoming the barriers that constrain human capital accumulation is hence crucial for economic development. This dissertation examines three barriers to human capital accumulation in three essays. Essay one studies whether providing school-based management committees with a grant and training can improve primary educational attainment in Sokoto, Nigeria. We thereby contribute evidence from an understudied setting, a low-income context, by evaluating a large-scale intervention with a cluster-randomized controlled trial. We find that the intervention does not have any statistically significant effect on school infrastructure, student enrolment, student or teacher absenteeism or students’ learning outcomes. High levels of teacher absenteeism, among others, seem to be a likely explanation for these null results. Essay two benchmarks diagnostic testing for hypertension, diabetes and hypercholesterolaemia, three major risk factors of cardiovascular disease, against the World Health Organization Package of Essential Non-Communicable Disease Interventions testing recommendations in 57 low- and middle-income countries. We determine overall testing, targeting according to testing need and its correlation with sociodemographic characteristics. We find adherence to testing recommendations to be low, with many individuals being tested despite not meeting the testing criteria. Additionally, the likelihood of being tested is significantly correlated with individuals’ sociodemographic characteristics: women were statistically significantly more likely to be tested, as were wealthier and more educated individuals. Essay three determines the impact of patent expiry on statin consumption in Germany, England and Sweden, using the synthetic control method (SCM) which has not been used in the patent expiry literature before. We show that SCM is a suitable method for this research question and that the consumption of individual statin molecules increases upon their patent expiry by displacing other, substitute statin molecules. All three countries exhibit a high price elasticity in statin consumption, indicating a prioritization of cost-saving over the minimization of side effects.
Keywords: development economics; global health; primary education; cardiovascular disease