The effect of global change on multitrophic interactions of sugar beet
Doctoral thesis
Date of Examination:2023-08-29
Date of issue:2023-12-01
Advisor:Prof. Dr. Michael Rostás
Referee:Prof. Dr. Michael Rostás
Referee:Prof. Dr. Mark Varrelmann
Files in this item
Name:Ph.D. Thesis_Shahinoor .pdf
Size:6.87Mb
Format:PDF
Description:PhD Thesis
Abstract
English
Global climate change models predict changes in rainfall patterns and rising sea levels, resulting in severe drought and soil salinity, which are already observed in many countries worldwide. Abiotic stressors such as drought and soil salinity could significantly affect global agriculture. These stressors also have a bottom-up effect on trophic links, causing significant disruptions in agro-ecosystems by altering interactions among arthropod communities and changing multitrophic networks. Sugar beet is an important agricultural crop, and there is a lack of information available on the impact of drought and salinity on multitrophic interactions in this system. This dissertation explored the impact of abiotic stressors, such as drought and soil salinity, on multiple trophic levels, thus greenhouse bioassays were conducted along with laboratory tests, volatilomics, and metabolomics studies. The study aimed to understand: i) the effects of these abiotic stressors on the first trophic level, specifically sugar beet plants (Beta vulgaris subspec. vulgaris cultivar 'Vasco'), ii) how bottom-up effects mediated by sugar beet alter the interactions within the second trophic level, which includes insects such as the aphid (Aphis fabae) and the beet leaf mining fly (Pegomya cunicularia), and iii) the impact of these stressors on the third trophic level, specifically the parasitoid Aphidius colemani. Sugar beet plants were grown in a controlled environment. Drought conditions were created by using the capillary action-based drought system and saline conditions were achieved by using a hydroponic system. Plant morphological features were measured to evaluate the effects of abiotic and biotic stress. The results revealed that only abiotic stresses had a detrimental impact on the sugar beet morphology, leading to decreased plant growth, biomass, reduced leaf sizes etc. In addition, the plant’s photosynthetic capacity was reduced, as indicated by lower chlorophyll fluorescence parameters (maximum photochemical quantum yield of photosystem II (Fv/Fm), the effective photochemical quantum yield of PS II (ФPSII), and the electron transport rate (ETR). The infestation of aphids and beet leaf miners contributed further to the decline in photosynthetic capacity, which negatively impacted the overall plant health. However, aphids benefited from high drought leading to faster development and a higher reproduction rate. Moderate drought also facilitated the growth of beet leaf miners as observed by higher pupal and adult weight. On the other hand, salinity reduced aphid reproduction. Parasitoids that emerged from mummies on drought and salinity-stressed plants were smaller and biased towards male offspring. Abscisic acid (ABA), 12-oxophytodienoic acid (OPDA), salicylic acid (SA), and jasmonates (JAs) were quantified, using ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry/mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS/MS), to assess the impact of abiotic (salinity) and biotic (aphid) stress on sugar beet defences. The study observed an increase in ABA levels in response to both salinity and aphid infestation. Additionally, the infestation of aphids led to an increase in JAs levels. However, JAs were significantly decreased due to salinity stress. Moreover, using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), plant central metabolites, constitutive plant volatile organic compounds (VOCs), and herbivore-induced plant volatiles (HIPVs) were identified and quantified. Under the influence of both abiotic and biotic stresses, a substantial elevation in the concentration of major metabolite groups, including amino acids, organic acids, fatty acids, and sugars, was observed. The findings suggest that plants have the ability to enhance the concentration of these metabolites by making modifications to their central metabolic pathways. A metabolic pathway analysis was conducted using the Arabidopsis thaliana pathway library from KEGG (Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes) by MetaboAnalyst 5.0 software packages to validate this hypothesis. This analysis provided confirmation of the observed changes in metabolic pathways. Abiotic stress further led to a decrease in the emission of VOCs from the plant and this decrease could partially be explained by the reduced sizes of plants in the abiotic stress treatments. As a result, lower parasitoid attraction towards drought-stressed was observed in a six-arm olfactometer test, but not towards salinity-stressed plants. In addition, adults of the leaf miner P. cunicularia demonstrated a remarkable capability to detect, differentiate and respond to volatile organic compounds (VOCs) emitted from drought- and leaf miner-stressed plants, utilizing this ability to effectively locate and select optimal sites for egg laying, as validated through a Y-tube olfactometer test. In conclusion, the findings of this study indicate that plant-mediated, bottom-up effects in drought-stressed sugar beet have contrasting impacts on the aphid A. fabae and its parasitoid A. colemani. This suggests that under future climate change scenarios, aphid outbreaks in this system may be facilitated. Furthermore, salinity stress and aphid infestation negatively affect the phytochemistry of sugar beets, influencing all trophic levels. Additionally, moderate drought conditions promote the growth of P. cunicuaria, leading to potentially detrimental synergistic effects in sugar beet cultivation. These results highlight the crucial importance of considering the cumulative impact of multiple stressors on sugar beet plants and the interconnected trophic levels within this cropping system. A thorough understanding of the effects of multiple stresses on plants can help mitigate the challenges of global change.
Keywords: Sugar beet; Climate Change; Drought; Soil Salinity; Aphid; Beet leaf miner; Phytohormones; Primary Metabolites; Volatile Organic Compounds; Herbivore induced plant volatiles; Tritrophic Interactions