The role of glutathione transferases in herbicide detoxification - a genome-wide study on flufenacet resistant black-grass
Cumulative thesis
Date of Examination:2024-02-12
Date of issue:2024-04-19
Advisor:Prof. Dr. Andreas von Tiedemann
Referee:Prof. Dr. Klaus Dittert
Referee:Dr. Roland Beffa
Referee:Dr. Rebecka Dücker
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Abstract
English
Resistance of black-grass (Alopecurus myosuroides Huds.) to post-emergent herbicides is already widespread in Europe. In addition to that, resistance to pre-emergent herbicides is evolving such as Group 15 herbicides, among those flufenacet. The mechanism of resistance is already described and mediated by upregulation of glutathione transferases (GSTs) forming flufenacet-glutathione conjugates. The aim of this study is to better characterise black-grass herbicide resistance by (i) the validation of candidate GSTs on flufenacet and other herbicides detoxification, (ii) the investigation of cross-resistance at the individual protein level, (iii) investigation of their regulation at the transcriptional level and (iv) briefly explore the evolution and nomenclature of the GSTs found in black-grass. For that purpose, candidate GST genes found upregulated in flufenacet resistant black-grass populations – derived by re-alignment of RNA-Seq to the recently assembled black-grass genome – were chosen for in vitro validation of their activity on flufenacet using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and their derived metabolites were further analysed by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). In total, all the five GST genes were able to metabolise the very-long-chain fatty acid (VLCFA) synthesis-inhibitor flufenacet into flufenacet-glutathione conjugate or in a unique case flufenacet-alcohol. All exhibited low detoxification rates and might have an additive effect in planta after flufenacet application, which can explain the slow resistance evolution of flufenacet, underlying a polygenic and generalist resistance. However, it cannot be ruled out that other GST encoding genes contribute to flufenacet detoxification. Moreover, all tested GSTs were able to detoxify the VLCFA-inhibitor acetochlor and the acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACCase) inhibitor fenoxaprop-ethyl and one GST detoxified the VLCFA-inhibitor pyroxasulfone. But the other herbicides of the same mode of action tested were not affected, highlighting the fact that metabolic resistance is complex and does not necessarily confer strong resistance to a wide spectrum of herbicides. Besides, it was demonstrated that the same enzyme can confer cross-resistance with other modes of action, while other active ingredients of the same mode of action or even same chemical class may not be affected. Moreover, the alternation between active ingredients has also been shown to play an important role in slowing down the development of resistance. Moreover, all the GSTs in the black-grass genome were then identified, making this study the first genome-wide GST analysis of black-grass. It was revealed that black-grass has 115 GST genes, which is a large number for a diploid species and a favorable condition for adaptation to repetitive herbicide treatments in modern agricultural systems. They belong to 11 different classes: tau (GSTU), phi (GSTF), lambda (GSTL), zeta (GSTZ), theta (GSTT), dehydroascorbate reductase (DHAR), tetrachlorohydroquinone dehalogenase (TCHQD), glutathionyl-hydroquinone reductase (GHR), hemerythrin (GSTH), metaxin (MTX), microsomal prostaglandin E synthase type 2 (mPGES2). The most abundant and expressed classes were the GSTUs and GSTFs which were typically found in clusters. The high number of GST genes and the clustering event is most likely a result of a whole genome duplication (WGD) and tandem gene duplication followed by diploidizationdiploidization, and also is influenced by the movement of transposable elements (TEs) within the genome. The promoters of the GST genes and the 5' upstream regulatory regions (5' URRs) up to 2 kb containing cis regulatory elements (CREs) were studied in silico in order to detect differences between the non-differentially and differentially expressed GST genes. Moreover, a candidate CRE, which is the binding element for the transcription factor complex E2F/DP and common to the promoters of three upregulated GSTU genes was further investigated using an electrophoretic mobility shift assay (EMSA). Overall, differences in expression between GSTs were greater than between resistant and sensitive individuals, and although genes in the same cluster often follow similar expression patterns, promoter sequences are likely to have a stronger effect on gene expression than gene location. This study provided biochemical validation of the activity of the highest differentially expressed GST isoforms of flufenacet resistant black-grass on flufenacet and other pre- and post-emergent herbicides in an in vitro based assay, demonstrating the detoxification pathways of flufenacet and cross-resistance patterns. This knowledge will lead to a better understanding of the evolution of flufenacet resistance and may contribute to a better and less resistance-favoured weed management system in the field. Finally, understanding the molecular mechanisms that induce flufenacet resistance may provide a basis for improving crop protection products and product mixtures.
Keywords: Herbicide Resistance