Forest biodiversity in times of global environmental change: Effects of tree species identity and admixture on diversity and trophic niches of arthropods, under special consideration of the canopy and its architecture
Doctoral thesis
Date of Examination:2024-04-10
Date of issue:2024-04-26
Advisor:Prof. Dr. Andreas Schuldt
Referee:Prof. Dr. Andreas Schuldt
Referee:Prof. Dr. Stefan Scheu
Referee:Prof. Dr. Martin Gossner
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Abstract
English
Global climate change poses unprecedented challenges to forest ecosystems, requiring adapted management to halt loss of biodiversity and ecosystem functioning. In Central Europe, forest diebacks primarily hit profitable monocultures of Norway spruce (Picea abies) planted outside its natural range. However, also naturally dominating and slow-growing native species such as European beech (Fagus sylvatica) suffered from drought-induced mortalities. These calamities reduce suitable habitats for forest biota and threaten their diversity. Suggested alternative management strategies include i) the introduction of fast-growing and drought-tolerant non-native tree species such as Northern American Douglas fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii), and ii) admixing native broadleaved forests with introduced conifers to increase forest functioning via increasing complementarity of tree resource use and architecture, whilst promoting associated biodiversity (Chapter 1). Yet, the consequences of such adapted management for native biodiversity are poorly understood, particularly in tree canopies. Despite constituting the major aboveground part of forests, the canopy layer remains understudied. In five studies, I investigated the taxonomic and functional arthropod diversity and community composition in pure and mixed stands of native broadleaved European beech and introduced conifers, i.e. native Norway spruce planted outside its natural range and non-native Douglas fir in Northwest Germany. Arthropods are highly species-rich and cover various trophic guilds, making them ideal indicators to evaluate impacts of tree species identity and composition on forest biodiversity and functioning. Beyond the effects of tree species identity, I assessed how forest structural properties affect arthropod abundance and diversity across taxonomic orders and trophic guilds. Whilst chapter 2 investigates ground-dwelling arthropods, chapters 3-6 focus on arthropods in the canopy. Using stable isotope analyses to quantify trophic niche structures, I found that conifers shifted basal resources of ground-dwelling predatory arthropods significantly compared to native European beech (Chapter 2). Even though trophic richness was higher in coniferous stands, Douglas fir fostered dominance of few basal resources, i.e. simplified the food web. These effects were strongly modulated by stand-scale forest structures such as canopy openness. Similarly, trophic niches of spiders in the canopy were shaped by tree species identity and canopy structure, with higher isotopic richness and herbivore input into the spider diet in structurally complex conifers (Chapter 3). The importance of structural heterogeneity for canopy arthropod diversity across trophic guilds was partially exceeding effects of tree species identity (Chapters 3 & 4). My comprehensive assessment of relevant canopy structures was aided by a machine learning algorithm, which identified canopy gaps and structural complexity as key positive predictors (Chapter 4). Yet, tree species identity was the most relevant predictor for herbivorous taxa, which were severely reduced in abundance and diversity by Douglas fir (Chapters 4-6). Further, a metabarcoding approach allowed me to include so-called dark taxa in my study, i.e. taxa for which there is insufficient expertise for morphological identification, and I found that overall arthropod diversity is reduced by Douglas fir (Chapter 5). Notably, Norway spruce had local beneficial effects on canopy beetle abundance and diversity but reduced their functional richness and landscape-scale diversity more than Douglas fir compared to European beech (Chapter 6). Overall, monocultures of introduced conifers, particularly non-native Douglas fir, shifted the arthropod community composition. This indicates potential loss of native species. However, such detrimental effects were mitigated in mixtures with European beech. Mixtures moreover mitigated local negative impacts of introduced conifers on arthropod diversity (taxonomic and functional) and partly neutralized negative impacts at landscape scale (Chapter 7). Therefore, and considering the observed positive effects of structurally heterogeneous canopies, my dissertation poses two suggestions for forest management: Firstly, mixtures of native European beech forests and fast-growing introduced conifers show promising potential to balance economic and conservational interests and may therefore be an option for climate change-adapted forest management. Secondly, forest practitioners may try to enhance forest structural heterogeneity through measures such as uneven-aged forestry and retention of old-growth forest structures to promote associated biodiversity and thus, possibly the resilience to changing environmental conditions.
Keywords: Arthropods; Canopy research; Ecological entomology; Insects; Forest management; Habitat heterogeneity; Non-native tree species; Tree species mixture; Trophic niche; Biodiversity