Characterization of abundant unknown proteins that participate in the control of tRNA maturation and fatty acid acquisition in Bacillus subtilis
Doctoral thesis
Date of Examination:2024-06-14
Date of issue:2024-07-23
Advisor:Prof. Dr. Jörg Stülke
Referee:Prof. Dr. Jörg Stülke
Referee:Prof. Dr. Ivo Feußner
Referee:Prof. Dr. Rolf Daniel
Referee:Prof. Dr. Carsten Lüder
Referee:Prof. Dr. Jan de Vries
Referee:Prof. Dr. Henning Urlaub
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Abstract
English
Despite tremendous advances in sequencing and other state-of-the-art technologies, unknown proteins are present in virtually all living organisms. Even though Bacillus subtilis is one of the most extensively annotated model organisms, the function of approximately 25% of its proteome remains uncharacterized. While the majority of those unknown proteins probably serves a function only under very specific conditions, a subset of highly and constitutively expressed proteins may play pivotal roles in the cell. The highly regulated and complex RNA metabolism strongly depends on the function of ribonucleoproteins (RNPs). Despite the fundamental interplay between protein and RNA in RNPs, the role of numerous putative RNA-binding proteins remains elusive. In this study, the previously uncharacterized, highly abundant RNA-binding protein RnpM (YlxR) was shown to interact with the RNA component of the tRNA maturating RNase P holoenzyme. The catalytically active P RNA performs the metal-dependent exonucleolytic cleavage of 5’-leader sequences in pre-tRNAs. Based on protein-RNA cross-linking experiments, we demonstrate binding of RnpM in close proximity to the canonical P protein within the active site of RNase P RNA. The presence of RnpM results in reduced RNase P activity in vitro and ultimately in decreased pre-tRNA turnover. Finally, this indicates that RnpM functions as a modulator of RNase P activity to maintain an intracellular balance between premature and mature tRNA. The acquisition of fatty acids, including de novo biosynthesis and activation of fatty acids, represents another tightly controlled essential process. To regulate energy-consuming pathways, enzymes that catalyze the first steps are common targets of direct control. In contrast to the conserved PII-mediated regulation of the acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACCase), the committed step in fatty acid biosynthesis by ACCase of B. subtilis is unresponsive to direct inhibition by protein-protein interaction. Here we unveil a novel regulatory mechanism involving the proteolytic degradation of an ACCase subunit. The previously uncharacterized and highly abundant RfaA (YqhY) of the conserved Asp23 protein family acts as an adaptor protein that targets AccC for degradation by the ClpEP protease complex in the absence of glutamate. While the interaction between RfaA and AccC is insensitive to physiological conditions, the presence of the global amino group donor glutamate prevents the interaction between RfaA and ClpE. This regulation links fatty acid acquisition with carbon and nitrogen metabolism. Similarly, we propose that the paralogous RfaB protein mediates the protease-dependent degradation of the fatty acid kinase FakA, thus, regulating the first committed step of fatty activation. In conclusion, this work comprehensively demonstrates the critical importance of obtaining a minimal set of annotation through the identification of interaction partners or through suppressor screens to investigate the function of unknown proteins.
Keywords: Bacillus subtilis; unknown proteins; tRNA maturation; RNase P; fatty acid acquisition; acetyl-CoA carboxylase; regulation; regulatory proteolysis