Influence of clock gene homologs and Pseudomonas spp. on Verticillium dahliae development and host plant interaction
by Alexandra Nagel
Date of Examination:2023-10-09
Date of issue:2024-08-09
Advisor:Prof. Dr. Gerhard H. Braus
Referee:Prof. Dr. Gerhard H. Braus
Referee:Prof. Dr. Volker Lipka
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Abstract
English
The soil-borne phytopathogenic fungus Verticillium dahliae requires a tight regulation to form different developmental structures for infection, colonization of the plant vasculature and survival in soil. The fungal life cycle starts with germinating microsclerotia. Developing hyphae grow toward plant roots and there encounter rhizosphere-inhabiting microorganisms. These include bacteria such as Pseudomonas species. The inhibitory potential and plant-protective abilities of Pseudomonas spp. with different genomic and metabolic potential against V. dahliae were investigated. Lipopeptide producing strains Pseudomonas sp. FW300-N2C3 (N2C3) and Pseudomonas sp. DF41 inhibit the growth of V. dahliae as well as Verticillium longisporum and two Aspergillus spp. when co-cultured on solid medium. The N2C3-mediated inhibition primarily depends on the genetic potential for syringomycin and, to a lesser extent, on that for syringopeptin biosynthesis. The related strain Pseudomonas sp. FW300-N2E2 (N2E2), not containing the genes for lipopeptide biosynthesis, strongly and specifically inhibits V. dahliae growth. Comparative genomics analysis revealed 18 main candidate genes, presumably encoding proteins that enable N2E2 to exhibit this strong inhibitory potential. Different Pseudomonas strains significantly reduce V. dahliae colonization on Arabidopsis thaliana roots independent of their metabolic potential. Furthermore, root-application of Pseudomonas sp. DSM 8569 (P_rhizo) robustly reduced the symptom severity of V. dahliae-treated tomato plants. Thus, P_rhizo is a potential biocontrol agent against this fungus. V. dahliae produces conidia for propagation in the vasculature of host plants. Later fungal survival in soil is ensured through formation of microsclerotia. Both developmental processes are regulated by Frequency (Frq) and the Frq-interacting RNA helicase (Frh). The V. dahliae Frq-Frh complex formation is important for enhanced conidiation and the light-dependent delay of Suppressor of flocculation 1 (Sfl1)-induced microsclerotia formation. Frq and Sfl1 together, but not individually, enhance symptom induction in V. dahliae-infected tomato plants. In conclusion, P_rhizo can contribute to biological control of Verticillium wilt disease and the Frq-Frh complex plays an important role in shaping V. dahliae development. Future investigations will identify targets of the Frq-Frh complex as well as the mode of inhibition by P_rhizo, which both might lead to novel strategies to control V. dahliae growth.
Keywords: Phytopathogenic fungus; Verticillium dahliae; Pseudomonas spp.; Fungal-bacterial interaction; Biocontrol; Clock gene homologs; Fungal development; Fungal genetics