Notwendigkeit einer Druckadjustierung im Follow-up einer nCPAP/BiPAP-Anpassung
Need for pressure adjustment in the follow-up of an nCPAP/BiPAP adaptation
by Emilia Archip
Date of Examination:2024-09-18
Date of issue:2024-09-10
Advisor:Prof. Dr. med. Martin Konermann
Referee:Prof. Dr. med. Martin Konermann
Referee:Prof. Dr. Tim Mathes
Referee:Prof. Dr. Margarete Schön
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Abstract
English
Obstructive sleep apnoea (OSA) is one of the most common sleep-related breathing disorders (SBAS) with increasing prevalence in industrialised nations and socio-economic consequences. Nocturnal positive airway pressure treatment in the form of CPAP (continuous positive airway pressure) or BiPAP (bilevel positive airway pressure) has established itself as the gold standard of treatment and, when used regularly, leads to an improvement in respiratory and hypnographic parameters, a reduction in daytime sleepiness, an improvement in quality of life, a reduction in cardiovascular events and accident rates and a change in lifestyle. After polysomnographic adjustment of the required PAP mask pressure in the clinical sleep laboratory, follow-up examinations are necessary in order to make any necessary pressure adjustments, as the required pressure level is subject to considerable inter-individual and intra-individual fluctuations, which, however, places a heavy burden on the capacities of the sleep laboratories. The aim of the present study was to determine which parameters had an influence on the pressure setting and could be possible predictors of the need for pressure adjustment. The data of 881 consecutive patients who had received the primary setting for nCPAP/BiPAP therapy in the sleep laboratory between November 2017 and June 2019 due to a diagnosis of OSAS and were re-examined as inpatients under sleep laboratory conditions after 4-6 months were retrospectively analysed. In addition to anthropometric data, parameters on sleep behaviour (e.g. apnoea/hypopnoea index AHI), oxygen distribution and sleep stages were collected. Daytime sleepiness was recorded using the Epworth Sleepiness Scale (ESS). The patient population consisted of 629 men and 252 women with an average age of 62 ± 12 years and a BMI of 33 ± 5.7 kg/m2. 82.8 % (n = 683) of the patients wore a nasal mask during therapy and only 17.2 % (n = 142) wore a face mask. At baseline, the average AHI was 7.1 ± 8.7, ESS was 9.3 ± 4.6 and sleep efficiency was 88 ± 10 %. In the gender comparison, only significant differences were found with regard to the AHI and BMI in both the initial examination and the control: the AHI showed significantly higher values in men than in women in both examinations (µ = 7.61 vs. µ = 5.79; p = 0.001 in the initial examination and µ = 5.56 vs. µ = 4.33; p = 0.007 in the control). In contrast, women had a significantly higher BMI than men (µ = 33.32 vs. µ = 32.33 kg/m2, p = 0.001) without a relevant change in the control (µ = 33.99 vs. µ = 32.33 kg/m2), in which the BMI was again significantly higher than in men (p < 0.001). A comparison of various parameters between the two examination times showed a significant reduction (p < 0.001) in the overall collective with an initial value of the ESS of µ = 9.32 to µ = 6.89 in the control examination as an indication of a reduction in daytime sleepiness. The AHI decreased significantly from µ = 7.09 at initial fitting to µ = 5.21 at follow-up (p < 0.001) as a sign of an optimal pressure setting with fewer apnoeas and hypopnoeas below. Sleep efficiency and BMI, on the other hand, showed no relevant differences at either time point. In the overall collective, 311 patients (35%) underwent pressure adjustment (221 men, 90 women), whereby both gender (p = 0.876) and age (p = 0.791) had no influence on pressure adjustment. In contrast, significantly more patients with face masks (n = 71; 50 %) compared to patients with nasal masks (n = 215; 31.5 %) underwent pressure adjustment, which made a significant difference (p < 0.001) and indicates better efficiency of the nasal mask. A comparison of the parameters in the patients with and without pressure adjustment at both examination times showed that the BMI (p ≤ 0.002), AHI (p < 0.001) and AI (p ≤ 0.003) correlated significantly with a change in pressure both in the initial adjustment and in the follow-up examination. In contrast, the difference in BMI and ESS between the initial and follow-up examinations did not reach the significance level in the comparison between patients with and without pressure adjustment (Diff BMI: p = 0.676; Diff ESS: p = 0.188). Nevertheless, the patients who had their pressure adjusted showed a significant reduction in ESS from µ = 9.32 in the initial examination to µ = 7.13 in the control as an expression of a reduction in daytime sleepiness under the adjusted pressure therapy. In a multivariate logistic regression model, the BMI (p = 0.012) and AHI (p = 0.02) at baseline and the mask type (p = 0.001) showed a significant influence on the probability of a pressure adjustment as predictors of a possible pressure adjustment, with the effect of the mask type being the greatest. In summary, it was shown that certain parameters had an influence on a possible pressure adjustment. In future studies, these results should be examined in a prospective study design in order to create the possibility of carrying out follow-up examinations in the outpatient setting in patients who do not require pressure adjustment and thus relieve the diagnostic capacities of the sleep laboratories. Translated with DeepL.com (free version)
Keywords: sleep apnoe; continuous positive airway pressure; polysomnography; clinical study