Current Issues in Rural Development: Land Tenure, Land Use Change and Climate Change
Doctoral thesis
Date of Examination:2023-12-15
Date of issue:2024-10-10
Advisor:Prof. Dr. Jann Lay
Referee:Prof. Dr. Jann Lay
Referee:Prof. Dr. Bernhard Brümmer
Referee:Prof. Dr. Renate Hartwig
Files in this item
Name:Dissertation_Rincon_Jorge_2024.pdf
Size:17.1Mb
Format:PDF
Abstract
English
This doctoral dissertation is composed of three scientific articles investigating the role of land tenure on agricultural productivity, the responses of smallholders to climate change, and the consequences of Large-Scale Land Acquisitions (LSLA) in communal lands for rural development. These studies also explore the hypothesis that land titles are sufficient to foster agricultural production through productive investments, thereby enhancing rural welfare. The first study estimates the productivity trajectories of beneficiaries of a land titling program in Colombia. By using Generalized Propensity Scores and exploiting the randomness of the time between title issuance and data collection, the findings indicate that productivity decreases by almost 50% 2.5 years after the program’s implementation, followed by a recovery by the fifth year. The results also suggest that not only do farmers exhibit higher productivity levels when they receive access to credit or technical assistance, but that such support also mitigates and delays the initial drop in productivity. These specific findings call on the Colombian government to closely revise this titling program and fully execute it with the complementary programs foreseen by law. The second study assesses the impact of drought on smallholders’ consumption in Colombia and explores the relevance of different household responses: income diversification, crop-mix decisions, and labor allocation. It also investigates the influence that credit, conditional on formal land tenure, exerts on (food) consumption through these strategies. Results indicate that repeated extreme drought reduces household expenditures by 16% and food consumption by 14%. Furthermore, credit is a substantial tool for consumption smoothing, whereas off-farm and non-agricultural labor ameliorate these negative impacts of drought on consumption. Growing permanent crops and income diversification mitigate the effects of drought on food security. However, the latter correlates negatively with consumption, and if sustained over time, might turn out to be a ‘maladaptation’ to climate change. Results suggest that neither land ownership nor formal land tenure influence the role of credit for consumption smoothing, as generally expected. The third study conceptualizes and assesses the socioeconomic and environmental risks of LSLAs for communal lands in three countries of the Global South: Colombia, Cambodia and the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC). These risks include, among others, the displacement of local communities and corrupt negotiations with investors who exploit the legal pluralism of customary land tenure. LSLAs often imply the loss of ecological and socioeconomic functions of communal land, crucial for the welfare of local communities. In Colombia, it is possible to identify overlaps of LSLAs and recognized collective titles, leading to conflicts due to deficient consultation processes. Slow administrative processes in Cambodia leave extensive areas with indigenous communities unprotected and open for the establishment of LSLAs, despite the recognition of collective titles. The DRC has almost no effective safeguards to protect communal land, with the analysis finding that almost one million hectares of LSLAs could potentially be in communal territories. These findings highlight the necessity to increase the compliance of land policies with global frameworks and due diligence regulations to reduce the risks of LSLAs for vulnerable communities relying on communal lands. These studies analyze the role of land tenure systems on smallholders’ welfare and find that the mere allocation of land titles is insufficient for rural welfare and climate change adaptation. Furthermore, countries promoting LSLAs in “idle” lands must acknowledge the environmental and socioeconomic risks deriving from these types of investments on local communities.
Keywords: Land Tenure; Land Titling; Land Reform; Drought; Adaptation Strategies; Mitigation Strategies; Productivity; Mediation Analysis; Communal Land; LSLA; Large-Scale Land Acquisitions; Colombia; Democratic Republic of the Congo; Cambodia; Generalized Propensity Scores