Genotype effect on Norway spruce (Picea abies) mycobiome and resistance against Heterobasidion parviporum under abiotic stress
Doctoral thesis
Date of Examination:2023-08-31
Date of issue:2024-11-05
Advisor:Dr. Eeva-Liisa Terhonen
Referee:Dr. Eeva-Liisa Terhonen
Referee:Prof. Dr. Oliver Gailing
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Abstract
English
Norway spruce (Picea abies L. Karst.) holds considerable economic importance as a tree species in Europe. However, it faces significant vulnerability to attacks from the Heterobasidion annosum species complex, resulting in estimated annual losses of around 800 € million in Europe. Norway spruce exhibits limited resilience and restorative capabilities under changing climatic conditions, making it susceptible to both biotic and abiotic stresses. As climate patterns, particularly temperature and precipitation, are expected to undergo alterations, the geographic distribution and suitable habitats required for Norway spruce may experience substantial changes. Therefore, comprehending the underlying mechanisms involved in how trees respond to pathogenic attacks could prove beneficial in addressing this issue. The first chapter described a transcriptional study comparing Norway spruce gene expressions to evaluate the effects of water availability and infection with Heterobasidion parviporum. In this study, RNA-seq analysis was conducted on Norway spruce samples to identify the genetic pathways associated with specific responses to adverse environmental stress (drought) both in the presence and absence of the pathogen H. parviporum. Additionally, a transcriptional study was implemented to examine the interaction between H. parviporum infection and the expression of defense-related genes influenced by drought stress. Eighteen seedlings were randomly assigned to water treatment groups (high or low) and inoculated with H. parviporum, mock-inoculated (2% Malt extract agar) or left untreated. Four candidate genes were successfully identified (MA_110169g0010, MA_14707g0010, MA_15852g0010, MA_10427673g0020) to be associated with resistance against Heterobasidion sp., especially under drought. These genes exhibited significant expression changes, either higher or lower, compared to the non-treated control group, exclusively in H. parviporum-infected plants. However, we also observed that the defense-related gene response becomes more intricate when additional abiotic stress factors are present. These findings indicate that water availability plays a crucial role in determining the gene regulation strategy (upregulation or downregulation) employed by H. parviporum-infected Norway spruce. Moreover, our results suggest that Norway spruce exhibits a preferential defense response to H. parviporum infection rather than physical wounding, depending on the prevailing water availability conditions. The second chapter examined the genetic variation of Picea abies in response to the artificial inoculation of Heterobasidion parviporum infection. Inoculation experiments were performed to assess how different families of Norway spruce seedlings respond to Heterobasidion parviporum infection under abiotic stress. Eight hundred Norway spruce seedlings were categorised based on two water treatments. Four hundred seedlings received the optimum watering required for their growth and survival, while the remaining four hundred received half the optimum watering. Inoculations were done with two strains of H. parviporum. The seedlings were inoculated with either H. parviporum strains (Hpa 1 and Hpa 2) or 1.5% MEA as a control, others were left untreated. The growth parameters and lesions in both phloem and sapwood were measured. The results show that the seedlings' height, unlike the diameter, was not impacted by water stress nor inoculation treatment but by families and genotypes. Strong positive correlations were also observed between the lesion sizes in both phloem and sapwood. Overall, the study elucidates the influence of Norway spruce genotypes on growth dynamics and that the induced response patterns of Picea abies to artificial inoculations by different strains of the same pathogen could be different. The third chapter explored the mycobiome of Norway spruce and gave insights into the fungal communities and their diversity and stability under abiotic stress and Heterobasidion parviporum infection. As part of a continued effort to understand the effects of host genetics and environmental factors on fungal composition and evaluate the "mycobiome-associatedfitness" hypothesis, a comparative analysis was carried out. Sixty-seven Norway spruce seedlings either inoculated with H. parviporum, mock-inoculated or left untreated were used for this study. The seedlings were grouped into optimum and low watering categories, and the mycobiome associated with phloem and roots were analysed. The findings underscore the variations in the diversity and abundance of mycobiome genera in Norway spruce genotypes and response to water availability in the phloem. There were varying degrees of necrosis across Norway spruce genotypes, and the presence of one fungus influenced the abundance of another: in the case of Heterobasidion-Phialocephala. Key fungi such as Phialocephala fortinii and Paraphaeosphaeria neglecta were identified in the root mycobiome to confer inhibitory benefits to Norway spruce against the growth of Heterobasidion parviporum. Furthermore, specific endophytes exhibited greater stability under low water availability in the roots than ectomycorrhizal fungi. The study suggests that Norway spruce resistance against pathogens (Heterobasidion parviporum) is shaped by a complex interplay of several factors, including genetic and environmental factors such as soil moisture levels and fungal adaptability. The fourth chapter assessed the Leucoanthocyanidin Reductase 3 (PaLAR3) locus in Norway spruce (Picea abies) and its link to resistance against Heterobasidion parviporum. The presence of the B allele at the PaLAR3 locus potentially confers enhanced resistance against pathogens in inoculation experiments. This research examined the impact of the PaLAR3 gene on necrosis development induced by H. parviporum in the stems of Norway spruce clonal materials under different watering conditions. Seven hundred and fifty-four clonal Norway spruce seedlings used for this study were either inoculated with H. parviporum strains, mockinoculated or left untreated. Designed PaLAR3 locus-specific primers were used to detect PaLAR3 alleles in the Seven hundred and fifty-four seedlings. The outcome shows that the homozygous PaLAR3B allele is present in lower quantities as compared to its heterozygous counterpart or the PaLAR3A, which was the most abundant. Also, there was an interaction between the necrotic area and the homozygous PaLAR3BB under conditions of reduced water availability. The findings support previous research that the PaLAR3B allele could serve as one of the valuable markers for identifying resistance in the Picea abies-Heterobasidion pathosystem. All in all, for Norway spruce, the concept of plants extended genotypic variation against pathogens and inherent mycobiome should be considered as factors to be included in resistance studies.
Keywords: Fungi-host relationship; Drought stress; Genotypic variation; Forest Pathology; Mycobiome