Restoration of coniferous monocultures towards mixed broad-leaved forests in Central Europe – Patterns and processes of stand and vegetation diversification
Cumulative thesis
Date of Examination:2024-08-21
Date of issue:2024-11-05
Advisor:Prof. Dr. Christian Ammer
Referee:Prof. Dr. Christian Ammer
Referee:Prof. Dr. Stefan Zerbe
Referee:Prof. Dr. Goddert von Oheimb
Referee:Prof. Dr. Holger Kreft
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Abstract
English
Globally, forests provide essential ecosystem services to society, but their functionality is increasingly impaired by abiotic and biotic disturbances that are expected to further increase with predicted climate change. Since the 1990s, forest management in Central Europe has been converting pure and even-aged coniferous stands towards more diverse and uneven-aged mixed broad-leaved forests. Compared to monocultures, mixed forests are expected to provide multiple benefits such as a greater resistance and resilience to intensified disturbance regimes. Forest conversion is a multi-decadal and context-dependent process driven by forest management and accompanied by several natural ecological processes that commonly shape forest development. The detailed assessment of current conversion progress is essential to derive accurate management options to achieve silvicultural objectives. This doctoral thesis is a case study of a typical Central European lower montane forest landscape currently covered by coniferous monocultures but which has been under conversion since the 1990s, i.e., the Bavarian Spessart. This thesis will contribute to the assessment of conversion efforts by a) studying temporal changes in forest structure, understorey vegetation, tree species composition and diversity, and by b) identifying the most important drivers of tree regeneration. Thus, the development of pure coniferous stands since the 1990s can be quantitatively evaluated, the status quo of forest conversion can be objectively assessed, and respective management options can be derived. The first aim of this thesis was to elucidate temporal dynamics of forest structure and tree communities in coniferous monocultures to evaluate the status quo of forest development under conversion since the 1990s (Chapter 2). This was done by resurveying 108 semi-permanent sampling plots from four coniferous stand types: Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst), Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.), European larch (Larix decidua Mill.), and Douglas fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirbel) Franco) about 30 years after an initial assessment. I found an increase in stratification that indicated the development of multi-layered, more heterogeneous, and uneven-aged stands. Although mean species richness of the overstorey remained constant, regrowing tree communities in the shrub and lower canopy layers exhibited significant diversification of tree species. The “winner” species included late-successional broad-leaved (e.g., European beech [Fagus sylvatica L.], sessile oak [Quercus petraea (Matt.) Liebl.]), broad-leaved pioneer (e.g., silver birch [Betula pendula Roth.], European rowan [Sorbus aucuparia L.]), and shade-tolerant coniferous (e.g., silver fir [Abies alba Mill.], Douglas fir) tree species. Spruce was substantially reduced in the overstorey, but it regenerated extensively in the understorey. Despite the currently transitional stage of forest development, I conclude that forest conversion has, to date, resulted in diversifying forest structure and tree communities. Forest management may further include active interventions to guide the tree community towards desired stand diversity at maturity. This thesis also aimed to identify dynamics of understorey vegetation and the concomitant changes in abiotic site conditions since the 1990s’ initiation of conversion (Chapter 3). Therefore, vascular plant and epigeal bryophyte communities in the forest understorey were resurveyed on the same 108 sampling plots as in Chapter 2. I found temporal changes that indicated a decrease in soil acidity and a “thermophilization” of forest understory communities. Despite the constancy of mean species richness, Shannon and Simpson diversity indices of understorey species increased. I did not find significant evidence for overall floristic homogenization but the forest understorey experienced a decrease in typical coniferous and an increase in typical broad-leaved forest understorey species. The detected increase in specialist species (closed forests, open sites) most likely compensated for the decrease in generalist species. I conclude that understorey dynamics are closely linked to observed temporal changes towards mixed broad-leaved forests, and that conversion processes may have masked a trend of understorey floristic homogenization by facilitating more structurally heterogeneous and tree species-diverse forests. Tree regeneration is the essential process that determines both structure and species composition of future forests. Therefore, a third study focused on assessing regenerating trees and identifying the most important drivers of the observed regeneration patterns (Chapter 4). This was done by recording the density, species diversity, and structural diversity of tree regeneration together with a variety of potentially influencing variables. Tree saplings with different life-history strategies were sampled in the majority of sampling plots and species identities mirrored both silvicultural promotion and natural regeneration. Although in total 22 tree species were sampled, overall tree regeneration was dominated by two species, Norway spruce and European beech. I identified understorey light availability, stand structure, diaspore source abundance, and browsing pressure as the most important drivers of tree regeneration density and diversity. These drivers and their relative importance for sapling density were interspecific (i.e., between Norway spruce and European beech) as well as intraspecific (i.e., between the different developmental stages of each species). For instance, the density of Norway spruce regeneration increased with increasing light availability, while the density of European beech regeneration increased with decreasing light availability or increasing overstorey density. Tree species and structural diversity especially benefitted from increasing light availability, decreasing stand basal area, and low to moderate browsing pressure. I conclude that careful forest management may be able to balance the regulation of overstorey density, stand basal area, and browsing pressure to achieve silvicultural conversion objectives concerning tree regeneration. Based on the results of the three presented studies, general recommendations for forest management strategies to support silvicultural decision-making for further conversion of coniferous monocultures to more diverse and structurally heterogeneous mixed forests were derived. To safeguard the current structural diversity and tree species composition long-term, management interventions should be selected that favour tree species with different life-history strategies. Forest managers are particularly advised to control for expansive natural re-growth of Norway spruce or monospecific dominance of European beech; either could lead to tree species-poor stands in the future. To achieve a high level of vertical and horizonal heterogeneity, forest management can generate canopy gaps varying in shape and size to diversify growth conditions for tree regeneration and understorey vegetation. Besides planting or direct seeding of target tree species, the potential of natural regeneration should be utilised wherever possible and reasonable. Due to the detected negative impact of high browsing pressure on the density, species diversity, and structural diversity of tree regeneration, forest management is advised to adapt current hunting regimes or to intensify measures of silvicultural protection such as fencing. Otherwise, the success of more, and particularly browsing-prone tree species, will be repressed and will limit the effective development of mixed forests. Finally, I emphasise the conversion of pure coniferous stands to mixed forests as a promising silvicultural strategy to cope with the uncertainties associated with global environmental change, which increasingly impair forest ecosystems. To compensate for these expected negative impacts on forests, I suggest that current efforts to convert even-aged coniferous monocultures to more diverse and structurally heterogeneous forests be intensified.
Keywords: forest restoration; forest conversion; pure coniferous stands; coniferous monocultures; mixed forest; broad-leaved forest; tree regeneration; understorey vegetation; forest structure; forest dynamics; temporal changes; diversification; tree species diversity; forest management; silviculture; Spessart mountains; Bavaria; Germany; Central Europe; biodiversity; species composition; resurvey; terrestrial laser scanning; LIDAR; plant community; tree establishment and growth; tree regeneration density; structural diversity; Boruta analysis; generalized additive models; climate change; adaptation; resilience; Norway spruce; Picea abies; European beech; Fagus sylvatica; Scots pine; Pinus sylvestris; Douglas fir; Pseudotsuga menziesii; European larch; Larix decidua; Laserscanning