Host cell entry and antibody evasion of SARS-CoV-2 and animal sarbecoviruses
by Lu Zhang
Date of Examination:2024-10-22
Date of issue:2024-11-29
Advisor:Prof. Dr. Stefan Pöhlmann
Referee:Prof. Dr. Lutz Walter
Referee:Dr. Alexander Hahn
Referee:Prof. Dr. Rüdiger Behr
Referee:PD Dr. Michael Winkler
Referee:Dr. Christian Roos
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Abstract
English
The emergence of SARS-CoV-2 has heightened global awareness of coronaviruses, following previous outbreaks of SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV, which originated in animals and were transmitted to humans, causing severe disease. SARS-CoV-2 likely also has a zoonotic origin and many SARS-CoV-2-related viruses (sarbecoviruses) have been identified in bats. The spike (S) protein of coronaviruses facilitates viral entry into cells. For this, the SARS-CoV-2 S protein binds to the cellular receptor ACE2 and employs the cellular proteases TMPRSS2 or cathepsin L for activation. However, it was poorly understood whether the S proteins of animal sarbecoviruses can also mediate entry into human cells and whether entry depends on ACE2 and TMPRSS2 or cathepsin L. Furthermore, the S protein is the central target of neutralizing antibodies and can rapidly evolves in response to antibody pressure, resulting in the constant emergence of SARS-CoV-2 variants. In the present thesis, it was addressed whether and how animal sarbecoviruses can enter human cells and it was determined to what extend novel SARS-CoV-2 variants evade antibodies and exhibit altered cell entry pathways. The study shows that several animal sarbecoviruses can use human and animal orthologues of ACE2 for cell entry, suggesting zoonotic potential. However, some viruses failed to use ACE2 but were dependent on trypsin for entry into human cells, indicating a novel entry pathway. Furthermore, cellular serine proteases other than trypsin were identified that facilitated entry and trypsin was found to cleave the S protein at the receptor binding domain. Further, evidence was obtained that trypsin treatment can skew ACE2-dependent sarbecoviruses towards entry via the ACE2-independent pathway and that usage of this pathway reduces susceptibility to antibody-mediated neutralization. Finally, it was discovered that entry driven by all sarbecovirus S proteins under study could be inhibited by antibodies induced upon COVID-19 vaccination, indicating that vaccination might offer some protection against animal sarbecoviruses. Regarding the emergence of new SARS-CoV-2 variants, it was discovered that EG.5.1 efficiently evades antibody responses while BA.2.86 is relatively susceptible to antibody-mediated neutralization. However, unlike previous Omicron variants, BA.2.86 had acquired the ability to efficiently enter lung cells, a prerequisite to causing severe disease, and lung cell entry was TMPRSS2 dependent. Collectively, evidence for an ACE2-independent, trypsin-dependent entry pathway was obtained that is exploited by certain animal sarbecoviruses for cell entry and that is associated with protection from antibody-mediated neutralization. Furthermore, it was discovered that emerging SARS-CoV-2 variants can “reacquire” traits of virulence that were lost during SARS-CoV-2 evolution.
Keywords: SARS-CoV-2; Cell entry; ACE2 usage; Trypsin; Animal sarbecovirus; Neutralization