Evaluation and optimization of the effectiveness of Attracap® and its environmental influences: A biological soil insecticide to control wireworms (Agriotes spp.)
by Elisa Beitzen-Heineke
Date of Examination:2024-11-28
Date of issue:2024-12-19
Advisor:Prof. Dr. Stefan Vidal
Referee:Prof. Dr. Michael Rostás
Referee:Prof. Dr. Anant Patel
Files in this item
Name:20241211 Dissertation Elisa F. Beitzen-Heine...pdf
Size:5.46Mb
Format:PDF
Abstract
English
The use of entomopathogenic fungi as biocontrol agents in agricultural pest management offers a promising alternative to chemical pesticides, aligning with the increasing global emphasis on sustainable farming practices. Among these agents, Metarhizium brunneum has received attention due to its ability to infect and control a wide range of insect pests. The effectiveness of such biological control measures, however, can vary significantly depending on a myriad of environmental factors. Attracap®, a commercial formulation of M. brunneum Cb15-III, has been developed to exploit the fungus's pathogenic capabilities against soil-dwelling pests, particularly click beetle larvae, which are notable for their detrimental impact specifically on potato crops. The formulation imitates a plant by releasing CO2 through the encapsulated yeast and starch and infects attracted wireworms by contact with the fungal conidia growing out of the beads in soil. To comprehensively evaluate the effectiveness of Attracap® under diverse agricultural conditions, 37 field trials adhering to EPPO (European and Mediterranean Plant Protection Organization) guidelines were conducted across various European countries, primarily in Germany and France. Parallel laboratory trials were set-up to understand the influence of temperature, soil moisture and soil type on the growth of Metarhizium brunneum Cb15-III. Virulence assays revealed a broad host spectrum of Attracap® against A. sputator, A. lineatus, A. ustulatus, A. obscurus, A. sordidus, while only A. sordidus revealed a lower susceptibility. Attracap® significantly increased the number of undamaged tubers, achieving the highest effectiveness under warm and rainy conditions. Extreme temperature conditions below 10°C or long or warm periods exceeding 20°C for at least 20 days adversely affected the effectiveness of the Attracap® treatments. While no significant difference in the effectiveness of Attracap® in sand, sandy loam, silty loam and loam soils, respectively, were observed, the smallest difference in undamaged tubers between control and treated plots was observed in loam. In general, a higher pH value, high organic matter and high cation exchange capacity positively influenced the effectiveness of Attracap®. Thus, the environmental conditions were responsible for some explained variation in effectiveness. Further influential factors were the click beetle species composition and the microbiome occurring on site. A novel “Fast-Acting” formulation demonstrated a superior damage reduction only in France compared to standard trials. Delaying the application of Attracap® until just before the closure of potato rows revealed improved effectiveness, when initial climate conditions were suboptimal. Over all trials, a small improvement was achieved with the late application of Attracap®. Despite notable variations in effectiveness, the product is economically viable for farmers even at lower levels of effectiveness. This study reveals that an entomopathogenic fungus with a broad host spectrum, incorporated into an innovative attract-and-kill formulation, can elevate microbiological plant protection beyond its current niche role in vegetable and greenhouse production systems in European agriculture. Initially, this formulation provides an effective solution for organic farming. Additionally, with further cost reductions aimed at enhancing its competitiveness against prices of chemical insecticides, it shows promise for successful integration into conventional agriculture. This underscores the critical role of advancements in formulation technology in promoting both economic and environmental sustainability within the agricultural sector.
Keywords: Biocontrol; Entomopathogenic fungus; Metarhizium brunneum; Agriotes spp.