Coherent attosecond electron microscopy
by John Henri Gaida
Date of Examination:2024-09-27
Date of issue:2024-12-20
Advisor:Prof. Dr. Claus Ropers
Referee:Prof. Dr. Claus Ropers
Referee:Prof. Dr. Jörg Enderlein
Referee:Prof. Dr. Peter Baum
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Abstract
English
This work contributes to the development of time-resolved electron microscopy techniques for imaging optical excitations. Two articles, reprinted in this cumulative thesis, present novel measurement schemes that image the temporal evolution of plasmonic fields with nanometric spatial and attosecond temporal resolutions. While electron holography and microscopy are well-established for imaging static electric and magnetic fields, measuring time-dependent fields necessitates advanced approaches. In the first publication, energy-filtered Lorentz microscopy is introduced, making the optical phase visible through the deflection and interference of the electron beam. This method combines in-line holographic microscopy with spectral filtering to obtain phase-contrast images of nanoscale optical fields. An iterative reconstruction algorithm is developed to extract the phase and amplitude of the optical field from complementary phase-contrast images. The experiment successfully images the optical near-field arising from counterpropagating surface plasmon polaritons at the surface of a gold nanotip. The second article presents free-electron homodyne detection, which measures phase-resolved optical responses in matter using an electron-light interferometer. In this holographic microscopy technique, the electron beam probes the specimen while a reference field analyses the electron wavefunction through phase-controlled interference. This technique is demonstrated by imaging plasmonic fields on a nanometric gold nanoprism. Interferometric electron microscopy methods for time-dependent dynamics are highly relevant for attosecond studies across various fields, given the widespread versatility of electron microscopes, which offer diverse imaging modes.
Keywords: attosecond electron microscopy; electron-light interaction; ultrafast transmission electron microscopy; UTEM; electron microscope; photon induced near field electron microscopy; PINEM; plasmonics; nanotip; nanoprism; surface plasmon polariton; SPP; phase contrast microscopy; ultrafast dynamics; Lorentz microscopy; Lorentz transmission electron microscopy; LTEM