Rate-limiting steps of autophagy initiation
by Anoshi Patel
Date of Examination:2024-08-13
Date of issue:2024-12-23
Advisor:Dr. Alex Caspar Faesen
Referee:Prof. Dr. Hauke Hillen
Referee:Dr. Marieke Oudelaar
Referee:Prof. Dr. Kai Tittmann
Referee:Dr. Oleksiy Kovtun
Referee:Dr. Ricarda Richter-Dennerlein
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Abstract
English
Autophagy research has progressed tremendously since the identification of ‘ATG’ genes and proteins responsible for maintaining the process. A dissection of general functions of all proteins involved was possible. However, the regulation of human autophagy, particularly autophagy initiation remains unclear. Autophagosome biogenesis involves a coordinated assembly of many proteins organized in subcomplexes, at an initiation site between the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and a newly forming Isolation Membrane (IM). How the assembly is regulated and coordinated molecularly is poorly understood. Our previous work using in vitro reconstitution purifying full-length human autophagy initiation proteins on a large scale was the first to show a spontaneous super-complex assembly of autophagy initiation proteins. With this, a need to regulate spontaneous assembly in an on-demand manner was identified. Only a core complex of ATG9-13-101 enabled super-complex assembly. A closer look within this complex identified a rare, emerging concept of protein metamorphosis that governed interactions of ATG13 and ATG101 to ATG9. It led to a hypothesis that the kinetic bottleneck responsible for inhibiting or upregulating super-complex assembly on-demand could be within these interactions. ATG13 and ATG101 are metamorphic proteins of the HORMA domain family. Metamorphic proteins have evolved to exhibit two conformers with entirely different structural folds of the same protein Switching between the default fold and the second, triggered fold is often rate-limiting, because the switch can happen spontaneously at a very slow rate. This thesis aims to isolate the rate-limiting step of ATG9-13-101 complex assembly. For this, a kinetic assay based on fluorescence polarization was developed and interactions quantified. An unexpected rate-limiting interaction was identified in the association of the two metamorphic proteins ATG13 and ATG101. A detailed characterization of ATG101 mutants in order to identify alternate conformers led to investigation of ATG101 homodimerization. Eventually, a model of accelerating the obligatory, rate-limiting ATG13-ATG101 association is discussed. Finally, pathways which harbour metamorphic proteins often involve active catalysis because of the slow fold conversions. Work in this thesis, providing a detailed characterization of all interactions within this complex, provides a strong platform for future goals aiming to identify catalysts of autophagy initiation.
Keywords: Protein metamorphosis; Protein-protein interactions; Kinetics; Structural dynamics