A nidulans development and secondary metabolism requires coordinated VeA nuclear import and export
by Anja Strohdiek
Date of Examination:2024-04-22
Date of issue:2025-02-14
Advisor:Prof. Dr. Gerhard Braus
Referee:Prof. Dr. Stefanie Pöggeler
Referee:Prof. Dr. Markus Bohnsack
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Abstract
English
Survival of multicellular organisms requires the functional interplay between complex regulatory networks including gene expression, the ubiquitin proteasome protein degradation system, and intracellular transport control. Velvet domain proteins as VeA, VelB or VosA play key roles in fungal differentiation during early development. Heteromeric VelB-VeA is shuttled in darkness to the nucleus by the importin KapA to induce gene expression for sexual development. Nuclear localizations of VeA or VelB are reduced by light when asexual spore formation is promoted. The trimeric velvet complex VelB-VeA-LaeA further links transcriptional to epigenetic control for the coordination of fungal developmental programs to specific secondary metabolite production. VeA carries three nuclear localization signals NLS1, NLS2 and NLS3, which were analyzed, and all contribute to nuclear import. VeA is nuclear during vegetative growth and has to be exported from the nucleus to promote asexual development. A. nidulans VeA nuclear import is therefore combined with functional nuclear export provided by an additional nuclear export sequence NES, which binds to the exportin KapE. This allows VeA movement between periphery and matrix of nuclei as prerequisite for coordinated development and secondary metabolism. VelB requires either VeA or VosA for nuclear import. The intrinsically disordered domain of VelB, which is required for stability control and VosA interaction, is not required to interact with the epigenetic LaeA methyltransferase. VelB protein stability depends on VosA and intact VeA NES or NLS signals during fungal development. Deubiquitinating enzymes (DUBs) such as OtuB1 are required for accurate secondary metabolism, whereas AmsH additionally controls A. nidulans growth and fungal development. These findings revealed an additional level of stability control in the coordination between fungal differentiation and the formation of bioactive metabolites which is provided by DUBs. The obtained results illustrate various mutual dependencies of Velvet proteins and a high complexity of mutual interactions, which ensure accurate nuclear import, export, and specific protein stability control mechanisms as prerequisites for fungal development and secondary metabolism.
Keywords: A. nidulans; fungal development; transcription factor; nuclear import and export; crystal structure