Characterisation of exoplanet atmospheres with high-resolution spectroscopy
by Fabio Robin Lesjak
Date of Examination:2025-02-13
Date of issue:2025-03-07
Advisor:Dr. Lisa Nortmann
Referee:Dr. Lisa Nortmann
Referee:Stefan Dreizler
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Abstract
English
High-resolution spectroscopic observations offer a powerful approach to investigate planetary atmospheric composition and dynamics. Absorption and emission spectral lines serve as valuable diagnostics, as their strength, position, and shape are directly connected to the thermal, chemical, and dynamical conditions within exoplanetary atmospheres. Particularly the relatively large spectroscopic signals of hot Jupiters (HJs), a class of hot gas giants with small orbital periods, offer the opportunity for in-depth atmospheric characterisations. This work presents the analysis of transmission and emission spectra of four different HJs using the high-resolution spectrographs CRIRES$^+$ and CARMENES. We report the first detection of CO and evidence for the presence of H$_2$O in the dayside atmosphere of WASP-43b, and further retrieve the temperature profile, chemical abundances, and atmospheric C/O ratio. Our analysis revealed no conclusive evidence of a cloud deck on the planet's dayside. Based on the observed line broadening, we retrieve an equatorial super-rotating jet with a wind speed of 5 km\,s$^{-1}$, in agreement with forward models and low-resolution observations of this planet. Examining WASP-189b's dayside emission, we detect strong signatures of CO and Fe. By integrating a novel two-dimensional wind-induced line profile model with our retrieval framework, we retrieve wind properties and interpreted observed velocity offsets. Our analysis suggest a global day-to-night wind circulation pattern and notably the absence of an equatorial jet. These results provide nuanced insights into planetary atmospheric dynamics, and we discuss how winds and other effects can contribute to the velocity offsets. Lastly, we analyse transit observations of WASP-69b and KELT-11b observed with CARMENES, and find no clear signal for any of the investigated species. While tentative H$_2$O signals are detected close to the expected planetary rest frame for both planets, we can not unambiguously confirm the planetary origin of these signals. We employ two independent approaches to investigate, which combinations of molecular abundances and cloud height would result in the observed tentative signals and non-detection. One method is based on injection-recovery tests, while the other method applies a retrieval framework to constrain the parameter space. We find that both approaches generally provide similar constraints, which we compare to previous studies of these planets.
Keywords: Exoplanet; Atmospheres; High-resolution spectroscopy