Evaluation der nächtlichen Asthmakontrolle bei Kindern und Jugendlichen
Ergebnisse der multizentrischen Nocturnal Asthma Control (NAC) Study
Evaluation of Nocturnal Asthma Control in Children
Results of the Nocturnal Asthma Control (NAC) Multicenter Study
by Swantje Weisser
Date of Examination:2025-03-20
Date of issue:2025-03-20
Advisor:Prof. Dr. Christiane Lex
Referee:Prof. Dr. Christiane Lex
Referee:Prof. Dr. Stefan Andreas
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Abstract
English
Asthma is the most common chronic disease in childhood and adolescence. The disease underlies a circadian rhythm with worsening of symptoms at night. The absence of nocturnal symptoms is one of the four criteria to define good asthma control. In current asthma monitoring, however, only daytime symptoms are systematically evaluated and there is no objective measurement of symptoms at night. The question therefore arises as to whether the assumed asthma control also corresponds to nocturnal asthma control or whether apparently well-controlled asthmatics show undetected nocturnal symptoms. The aim of this study was to evaluate the nocturnal asthma control of well-controlled and partially controlled asthmatics. For the first time, nocturnal cough was objectively measured in this patient group using a cough monitor. In addition, the extent to which special cough questionnaires and the methods recommended in asthma monitoring correlate with the objectified nocturnal cough and how this affects the children's quality of life and risk of exacerbation was investigated. This doctoral thesis presents the results of the international Nocturnal Asthma Control (NAC) Study. This is a multicenter study with the study sites Göttingen, Vienna and Regensburg. Children and adolescents aged 5 to 18 years whose asthma was classified as well or partially controlled according to the current guidelines of the Global Initiative for Asthma (GINA) were included. These patients underwent an objective measurement of nocturnal asthma symptoms on two consecutive nights using a special cough monitor (LeoSound®). In addition, specialised cough questionnaires were used for the subjective evaluation of nocturnal asthma control and compared with the objective measurement. For this purpose, the Pediatric Cough Questionnaire (PCQ) and a verbal category descriptive scale (VCD) were used. In order to investigate whether the objectively measured nocturnal cough is also adequately detected using the methods already established in asthma monitoring, the subjects underwent a detailed lung function test (including spirometry and FeNO measurement) - as recommended internationally in asthma monitoring - and a comprehensive survey was conducted using standardized asthma control questionnaires. For this purpose, the Asthma Control Test (ACT) was used for children aged twelve and over and the appropriately adapted Childhood Asthma Control Test (C-ACT) for younger children. Furthermore, the influence on the risk of future exacerbations and on the children's quality of life was also investigated to better assess the relevance of the objectively measured nocturnal cough. For this purpose, the children were re-examined after approximately three months (defined as 100±20 days) and asked about any exacerbations that had occurred. Health-related quality of life was evaluated using the Child Chronic cough-specific Quality of Life (CC-QoL) questionnaire. We were able to obtain 152 technically usable measurements from a total of 94 children aged between 5 and 18 years (median 10 years) using the cough monitor, with at least one night evaluable in 81 patients. The median measurement duration was 8.5 hours/night. In 22 of 81 children (27%), a relevant nocturnal cough occurred in at least one night. This proportion was the same in the group of well-controlled and partially controlled children. There was a significant correlation between the frequency of objectively measured nocturnal cough episodes and the results of the specialised cough questionnaires PCQ (p=0.002) and VCD (p=0.005). However, there was no significant correlation between the objectively measured cough episodes and lung function parameters or asthma control tests. A subgroup analysis of the question items on nocturnal awakening also showed no correlation with the objectively measured nocturnal cough. However, it should be emphasised that with optimal asthma control, indicated by a full score on the ACT or C-ACT, there was also complete absence of any asthma symptoms in the nocturnal cough monitor measurement. Children with an increased number of nocturnal cough episodes did not have more exacerbations in the next 3 months than children without nocturnal cough. However, there was a significant correlation (p=0.011) between the objectively measured cough episodes and the results of the CC-QoL questionnaire. In summary, it can be concluded that a considerable proportion of children with well or partially controlled asthma have objectively measurable nocturnal symptoms. In addition, this study was able to show that nocturnal asthma control is not adequately detected with the currently established methods of asthma monitoring in the form of lung function measurements and asthma control tests. The question of nocturnal awakening does not appear to be sufficient to assess asthma control, as nocturnal coughing does not always lead to awakening in children. Although an undetected nocturnal cough does not appear to be a risk factor for exacerbations in the next three months, this study was able to show that nocturnal coughing leads to a poorer quality of life for children and should therefore not remain undetected. Objective measurements using a cough monitor can be used to record the nocturnal cough. However, special cough questionnaires such as the PCQ or VCD could also be sufficient to detect inadequate nocturnal asthma control. This means that children who do not have a full score in the corresponding asthma control test could be specifically asked about nocturnal coughing using the cough questionnaires mentioned and thus poor nocturnal asthma control could be detected at an early stage. In the future, telemonitoring in the form of objective or subjective evaluation of coughing via smartphone could also be used for this purpose. The evaluation of nocturnal asthma control will therefore continue to be an exciting field of research in the future.
Keywords: Asthma; Nocturnal Asthma Control; Children; Night-time cough; Quality of Life; Exacerbation; Asthma monitoring