Untersuchung von Parasiten in Wildgehegen: Einsatz innovativer Technologien und biologischer Antagonisten
Investigation of parasites in wildlife enclosures: Use of innovative technologies and biological antagonists
Kumulative Dissertation
Datum der mündl. Prüfung:2025-02-05
Erschienen:2025-03-27
Betreuer:PD Dr. Stephan Neumann
Gutachter:PD Dr. Stephan Neumann
Gutachter:Prof. Dr. Niko Balkenhol
Dateien
Name:CSander_Dissertation_Online.pdf
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Format:PDF
Zusammenfassung
Englisch
Objectives Wild animals kept in enclosures are exposed to an increased risk of parasite infections due to their limited range of movement and the sometimes high animal density and associated heavy soiling of the enclosures. Helminths and protists are of particular interest in this context. Despite the known risks, however, there are only a few studies on parasites in animal enclosures, not least because the topic is considered taboo by the public. Yet the ecological health of soils in wildlife parks plays an important role in maintaining animal health. Infections with STH pose a significant threat to wild animals in enclosures. To gain an impression of the parasite risk in German wildlife enclosures, 17 enclosures of six animal species in seven facilities were examined for parasites in soil and fecal samples. As regular faecal examinations are necessary for monitoring and maintaining health, the next step was to develop a rapid test to detect nematodes. This should simplify health monitoring as much as possible and offer animal keepers and wildlife park operators a simple and cost-effective diagnostic option in future. Environmentally friendly treatment alternatives were also investigated. Conventional treatment and control of parasites often leads to environmental problems and resistance. Nematophagous fungi can be a promising solution, as they combat nematodes in a natural way. For this reason, the suitability and effectiveness of three nematophagous fungi species were investigated in a further step in order to develop sustainable strategies for controlling helminths already in the wild park soil and thus reduce the risk of transmission from the soil to the animals. Methods The study examined 661 faecal samples from fallow deer (Dama dama, N=247), wild boar (Sus scrofa, N=207), red deer (Cervus elaphus, N=111), mouflon (Ovis orientalis musimon, N=76), roe deer (Capreolus capreolus, N=12) and bison (Bison bonasus, N=8) as well as 136 soil samples from 12 individual enclosures and five mixed-enclosures. The results of the sample analyses were displayed on enclosure maps using a geographical information system (GIS). Two polyclonal antibodies directed against the SUMO proteins of nematodes (C- & N-term) were used for the rapid test. For this study, 102 fecal samples from wild boar, fallow deer, red deer and dogs (Canis lupus familiaris) were examined. The fecal samples were defined using the sedimentation technique and then used to evaluate the developed rapid test. Three commercially available nematophage fungi (Arthrobotrys oligospora, Dactylaria scaphoides and Nematoctonus leiosporus) were tested for their suitability for biological control of nematodes in soil. For this purpose, parasites were isolated from one of the game parks using the Baermann-Wetzel method. In a first step, the three fungi were cultivated on agar in Petri dishes. The parasites were then placed in the dishes and tested for suitability. In a second step, the fungal mycelium of the three species was placed on Petri dishes with enclosure trays and, after growth, brought into contact with the parasites again and examined. Results The examination of the fecal samples revealed that the most common parasite species were Strongyloides sp., Trichostrongylus sp., Trichuris sp. and Coccidia. Three hundred and sixty fecal samples (54.46 %) tested positive for parasites using flotation and sedimentation methods. In addition, parasites were detected in 62.5 % (N=85) of the soil samples. With the help of a GIS, the results could be displayed in an enclosure map and initial hypotheses on environmental relationships could be made. A particularly large number of parasites were found in the vicinity of feeding and resting areas. A sensitivity of 95.38 %, a specificity of 81.08 % and an accuracy of 90.2 % were achieved for the rapid test based on the samples. With regard to controlling the parasites with biological antagonists, the two media tests (agar and enclosure soil) showed that the nematophagous fungi were more effective on the agar plate than on the autoclaved enclosure soil. In addition, D. scaphoides showed good efficacy on both media, while the other two fungi showed differences between the two media. Conclusion With regard to the parasite situation in the enclosures, the results of this thesis show that parasites are relatively common in both soil and faecal samples and that housing conditions may be an important factor in the spread of parasites in the enclosures. The results also highlight the need for more regular monitoring and targeted parasite management to protect animal health. GIS can be used as an additional tool to identify hotspots and target the environment for management. Analysis of faeces and soil in enclosures, as well as parasite mapping, play a crucial role in understanding the diversity, distribution and dynamics of parasites in enclosures. There is currently no commercially available rapid test for the detection of parasitic helminths in soil. The results of the developed rapid test show that the detection of parasitic nematodes is possible. However, the results also show that the test should be further optimised to increase its specificity. In the context of resistance development due to overtreatment with anthelmintics, false-positive results can lead to incorrect management decisions. However, the rapid test has the potential to provide rapid, low-cost, low-burden disease surveillance in wildlife, allowing on-the-spot decisions to be made to protect animal health. The nematophagous fungus Dactylaria scaphoides showed the greatest potential as a biological control agent for gastrointestinal parasites, although it has been little studied in this context. Arthrobotrys oligospora also showed potential for soil treatment and has been well studied for its usefulness in other applications. Nematoctonus leiosporus has not shown sufficient efficacy in trials and has been little studied. Nevertheless, the unique mode of action, versatility and environmental friendliness of nematophagous fungi make them an attractive alternative to conventional chemical control methods. They continue to play an important role in the control of parasitic nematodes in the face of increasing resistance to widely used anthelmintics. In summary, this dissertation demonstrates that further research into novel detection methods and control strategies as sustainable management practices is critical to minimising the threat posed by parasites in animal enclosures.
Keywords: Helminths; Wildlife; Animal enclosures; Pest management; Predatory fungi; Lateral flow assay