Role of root exudates as signals in the interaction of Brassica napus L. roots with Verticillium longisporum in the soil
Doctoral thesis
Date of Examination:2024-11-13
Date of issue:2025-04-03
Advisor:Prof. Dr. Andreas von Tiedemann
Referee:Prof. Dr. Andreas von Tiedemann
Referee:Prof. Dr. Klaus Dittert
Referee:Martin Freudiger (Maier)
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Description:doctoral thesis
Abstract
English
Verticillium longisporum is a soil-borne pathogen that primarily infects brassicaceous plants, including oilseed rape, a major global source of vegetable oil and oil extraction meal. V. longisporum causes stem striping disease in oilseed rape, which has triggered concern in various regions. In Europe, the disease ranks as the sixth most prevalent biotic stress on oilseed rape. V. longisporum operates as a monocyclic pathogen in oilseed rape, progressing through dormant, biotrophic, and necrotrophic stages. In the dormant stage, V. longisporum can survive for many years in the soil as its dormant structures, microsclerotia. Upon the presence of oilseed rape, these structures can germinate, infect the root of host plant, and systematically colonize the stem. At crop maturity, V. longisporum can produce microsclerotia again beneath the stem epidermis and within the stem pith. These microsclerotia return to the soil with crop residues, awaiting the next susceptible crops to infect. Since microsclerotia are central to the disease cycle of V. longisporum and serve as the primary reservoirs of inoculum, studying these resilient structures—particularly their germination and dormancy—is critical. Understanding these processes could allow us to artificially manipulate the dormancy and germination of microsclerotia, providing a novel method to control this devastating disease. In this study, we first investigated the factors and mechanisms that keep microsclerotia dormant in the soil. To determine if the dormancy of microsclerotia was due to a lack of nutrients or competition for nutrients with other soil microorganisms, we cultured microsclerotia in various nutrient solutions and in water under sterile conditions. Our findings indicated that microsclerotia could germinate without external nutrients, provided there was sufficient water, suggesting that nutrient deficiency is not responsible for dormancy. This insight led us to explore the potential antibiosis effects in the soil. To test this hypothesis, we cultured microsclerotia in both autoclaved and non-autoclaved natural soil. The results showed that natural soil, rich in microorganisms, significantly inhibited the germination of microsclerotia, whereas in autoclaved soil, where microorganisms were absent, microsclerotia successfully germinated. This confirmed that soil microorganisms are the primary factor maintaining the dormancy of microsclerotia in the soil. To identify the specific factors with this germination-suppressing effect, we isolated soil bacteria and conducted in vitro bioassays. Our studies revealed that all tested soil bacteria exerted a general inhibitory effect on microsclerotia. Further investigation identified volatile organic compounds (VOCs), specifically volatile fatty acids produced by these bacteria, as the substances responsible for inhibiting the germination of V. longisporum microsclerotia. Next, we examined which factors stimulate the germination of microsclerotia in the soil, previously suppressed by soil bacteria. Early studies suggested that root exudates might trigger the germination of microsclerotia in the soil. Building on this premise, our research also accounted for the effects of soil bacteria when exploring the interactions between plants and microsclerotia. We investigated the impact of root exudates from both host and non-host plants on microsclerotia whose germination was inhibited by soil bacteria. Our findings indicated that root exudates from both host and mon-host plant could counteract the bacterial inhibitory effect and induce germination. To identify specific active compounds, we separated the root exudates into polar and non-polar fractions and assessed their effects on the germination-suppressed microsclerotia. Results highlighted the significant role of polar compounds, particularly glutamic acid, which exhibited the strongest stimulatory effect on microsclerotia germination. Additionally, we explored how root exudates overcome bacterial suppression and induce the germination of microsclerotia. Our study indicated that while the root exudates did not affect the viability of the bacteria, they altered bacterial metabolites, particularly those that inhibit the germination of microsclerotia. Finally, we conducted a basic study on the molecular mechanisms underlying the dormancy and germination of microsclerotia, particularly focusing on the influence of soil bacteria on these processes. Gene Ontology (GO) analysis of differentially expressed genes revealed significant enrichment of several GO terms among germinated, dormant, and germination-suppressed microsclerotia. These findings indicate profound molecular differences across these three stages, which could potentially offer new targets for the development of novel fungicides or biological control agents. Specifically, the molecular differences between dormant and germination-suppressed microsclerotia suggest that soil bacteria actively alter the molecular pathways within dormant microsclerotia, thereby effectively suppressing their germination. This interaction highlights a crucial role of microbial activity in modulating lifecycle of microsclerotia, providing further insight into how microbial environments influence pathogen behavior. To summarize, our study systematically examined the factors and mechanisms governing the dormancy and germination of microsclerotia in the soil. This research has laid a fundamental groundwork for developing new strategies to control this disease.
Keywords: Oilseed rape, Verticillium disease, Root exudates, Plant-pathogen interaction, Soil bacteria, Volatile compounds, Dormancy and germination