On the ground and above: Forest Composition Effects on Terrestrial and Arboreal Small Mammals and their Consequences for Seed Dynamics
Doctoral thesis
Date of Examination:2024-10-25
Date of issue:2025-04-10
Advisor:Prof. Dr. Niko Balkenhol
Referee:Prof. Dr. Niko Balkenhol
Referee:Prof. Dr. Christian Ammer
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Abstract
English
1- Forest admixtures and non-native tree species have been increasingly employed in forestry practices as they have the potential to mitigate climate change impacts, enhance biodiversity and yield a greater economic benefit from wood production. Although admixtures have been shown to influence the richness and abundance of many taxa, their effects on canopy-dwelling small mammals have seldom been studied. These changes in forest composition may alter ecosystem processes, but they are seldom studied through a plant-animal interaction perspective. Lastly, little is known about the seed and early seedling dynamics in these forests, especially in the context of mixtures with non-native trees. 2- Here I investigated how forests with varying proportions of a native broadleaf (Fagus sylvatica) and two conifers (introduced Pseudotsuga menziesii and native Picea abies) affected 1-rodents and their interactions with seeds, 2- the seed survival, seed germination and the seedling survival of European beech, and 3- habitat and space- use dynamic of arboreal small mammals. In 20 different forest plots in northern Germany, I surveyed terrestrial small mammal communities through live-trapping, arboreal community through canopy camera-traps, estimated terrestrial species’ densities, assessed seed preference by rodents, collected data regarding forest composition and biotic and abiotic variables (tree species’ basal area, ungulate access, canopy openness, seedling aggregation, understory density, browsing damage, and soil properties), measured Fagus sylvatica seed production, tracked 1200 Fagus seeds through wire-tagging, assessed sprouting rates and the effect of seed burial for 1920 beech seeds, and monitored the survival of 2252 recently sprouted (< 1 year) seedlings from spring to autumn. 3- Conifer forests had greater occupancy by squirrels while a greater beech share increased occupancy by dormice species. However, the probability of co-occurrence of arboreal small mammals was higher in forests with intermediate proportions of beech and conifers. Forest composition also influenced the interactions between terrestrial rodents and seeds. In forests with a lower proportion of broadleaves, beech seeds were harvested in greater quantities, had diminished survival, and were less often cached. Thus, seed fate responded to the proportion of broadleaves and conifers irrespective of conifer tree identity. Rodents preferred nutritious beech seeds over small conifer seeds; and higher proportions of seeds were harvested during the period when beech seeds were scarce (non-mast year). Seed germination was positively influenced by seed burial. Seedling survival increased in Douglas-fir admixtures, which exhibited higher survival rates than pure beech forests and Norway-spruce admixtures. Seedling survival was also correlated with soil quality and negatively affected by browsing damage and ungulate access. Seed production had the greatest influence on total number of seedlings, with the masting event increasing seedling numbers by 300 times the following spring. 4- Forest composition influenced small mammals’ interactions with seeds, regeneration dynamics of European beech and habitat use by arboreal species. In mixed forest plots, beech seeds were overwhelmingly preferred by rodents compared to conifer seeds. Thus, rodents may provide a service in mixed forests by primarily preying upon seeds of Fagus sylvatica, a superior-competitive species, and thus mitigate beech dominance over conifer species. Besides differences in seed preferences, admixtures also had an impact on arboreal small mammal’s species by promoting their coexistence. Mixed forests contain both tree types favoured by red squirrels (conifers) and dormice (beech), increasing the probability that these species are simultaneously present. Admixtures presented no negative effect on the terrestrial small mammal communities and populations, alterations in seed-rodent interactions that are expect given a lesser presence of beech and promoted the diversity of arboreal small mammal’s species. Thus, mixed forests seem a promising and safe way to harmonize economic benefits and biodiversity. Forest plots composed of Douglas-fir and Norway spruce were not very different regarding small mammal composition, abundance, or seed fate. Seed fate responded to the proportion of beech and conifers irrespective of conifer tree identity. However, admixtures with Douglas-fir presented greater survival rates for beech seedlings compared to pure beech forests and Norway-spruce admixtures. This indicates that Douglas-fir is not outcompeting native trees, and thus less likely to spread and have invasive characteristics.
Keywords: forest admixtures; forest management; granivory; non-native tree species; scatter-hoarding; seed predation; plant recruitment; forest regeneration; ecological interaction; habitat preference; species coexistence; canopy